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Life Lessons: 7 –Create a wall of greatness

2010-07-23T14:45:00.005Z

This is the Lesson number 7 out of my 100 .Click here to read lesson number 6

I had the opportunity to attend the yearlong British Council’s InterAction Africa Leadership programme in 2007. The highlight of the programme was the contact seminar held in Senegal with participants from over ten countries across Africa and the UK. Each participant came with pictures of what made them proud of their country.

The pictures were posted on one side of the wall and it was an amazing sight to behold that massive wall displaying things that made up proud of Africa. It was so different from the poor, war dominated and AIDS stricken Africa that is usually portrayed by the media.

As I stood there and watched that “Wall of Greatness” I felt proud to be an Africa, in a manner I had never felt before. I saw Africa in a different light, I saw a beautiful Africa, an Africa full of hundreds of things to be proud of. As the tears rolled down my cheeks I felt the power in the “Wall of Greatness”.

Returning home I started creating my own wall of greatness, I went back into time and wrote up some of the significant things that happened in my life that I was proud of, great ones like when I gained a government scholarship for being one of the best students in my school and seemingly smaller and trivial ones such as the day I was finally able to wear a coloured shocks that matched my trousers instead of my regular and beloved white shocks. These were achievements that required me to go beyond myself, to achieve something I never felt I could.

Every time I face a new challenge in life or fear of failure, I turn to my personal “Wall of Greatness” and take in the feeling of pride I felt at those moments. The resulting surge of pride elevates my self-esteem and confidence to go on and face my latest challenge believing in myself that I am the master of my destiny and I am stronger beyond my measure, that I have done it before and I can do it again!

So go on, create your own “Wall of Greatness” and use it to make your past inspire you in the present so that you can, with confidence achieve what you wish for in the future. Do you have any experience similar to this? Share it below.

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Life Lessons: 6 – Know the difference between assets and liabilities

2010-07-14T16:53:00.003Z

This is the continuing series of the 100 lessons I have learnt in life so far. This is the Lesson number 6 .click here to read lesson number 5

In both high school and the university I studied accounting and I actually majored in accounting at the University, so the words asset and liabilities and their business definitions have been no strangers to me. And I am very sure I am not the first person from whom you have heard these two words.

In pure accounting terms, an asset is defined ‘’as a resource controlled by the enterprise as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprise’’ and a liability is defined as a ‘’current obligation of an entity arising from past transactions or events’’

But why should you bother to know the difference between an asset and a liability, well because I later realised that those definitions are fine for the dictionary and the balance sheet, but for ‘normal’ everyday life these are not the definitions to live by.

The definition that makes more sense to the life I am living is this one from Robert Kiyosaki’s ‘Rich Dad and Poor Dad’ an asset is ‘what brings money into your pocket and a liability is what takes money from your pocket. Simple! And that’s the definition you need. Why? Okay let me give you an example.

If you have a car, the Accounting and dictionary definitions will tell that you have an asset but if you go by Robert’s definition well it depends on whether its bring in money into your pocket or takes it out of your pocket. So if your car was a taxi working for you what is it? Or if it was you private car for which you buy gas for each day, what is it?

So my good friend, the next time you buy anything ask yourself ''Am I buying an asset or a liability?''. My advice: spend your time buying assets and not liabilities or you will find yourself driving your car in the rat race.
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Life Lessons: 5 – Procrastination Kills

2010-07-05T19:18:00.004Z

I am writing the 100 lessons I have learnt in life so far. This is the Lesson number 5 .click here to read lesson number 4

Procrastination has been called the thief of time. and these are the names of its siblings: deferment, stalling, adjournment, putting off delay and postponement. I guess you know this family as well as I do.

If there is one disease I have, that cannot be diagnosed in the medical lab, it is the procrastination disease. I have battled and lost to this disease almost all my life. I have not given up the fight though and I am determined not to stop fighting, why? Well if there is one thing I am sure of after twenty nine years of existence, it is the truth that procrastination will do me no good in life.

The good news is that, I seem to find so many people who are also fighting this disease, knowing that I am not alone in the fight gives me the strength to keep on going on.

I once asked myself, what is the cause of procrastination? I did not do any research to find the answer for everyone, but for myself, I found out that I usually procrastinate doing what has to be done now mainly because I do not enjoy doing it. It was a simple matter of logic. If I have to do ‘A’ but puts it off and spend the time doing ‘B’, it simply means that I hate doing ‘A’ but love doing ‘B’.

So one way I try to fight the urge to procrastinate is to try to find something I will enjoy about ‘A’ or what I will enjoy after I have done ‘A’ . if there is nothing to enjoy about ‘A’ or after doing it, I try to create on for it. What I do is to make ‘B’ the reward for doing ‘A’. so I bribe myself to do ‘A’, by promising myself more time to do ‘B’ after I have done ‘A’.

It does not mean I enjoy boing ‘A’, but I look forward to the enjoyment of ‘B’ to get ‘A’ done. How do you handle your procrastination? Please share it below.

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Life Lessons: 4 – Retire before forty five

2010-06-28T17:26:00.002Z

I started writing the 100 lessons I have learnt in life so far. This is the Lesson number 4. click here to read lesson number 3

Most likely you may be saying ‘is this guy serious?’ well yes I am serious, I know it sounds outrageous but not only is it possible but it is more important that our generation aim for forty five as the self-imposed retirement age.

When my parent’s generation was my age, the normal life was to start kindergarten at age 4, primary school are 6, Junior High school at 12, Senior High school at 15, Tertiary education at 19, start their first job at 23, work for 35 years and retire at 65 and die at 70 or if fortunate have a bonus of 10 years to end it all at 80.

My parent’s generation is much different from mine, when my mother was twenty nine she had her brother in Germany. Their main means of communication was through letters, when my mama sent a letter, my uncle receives it two weeks later, he then replies and my mum receives it in another two weeks. A simple two way communication took one month.

My generation is different, I have emails which take micro seconds to reach its destination, I have Facebook, Twitter, Skype and the other internet applications and I haven’t even started with cell phones. I am a citizen of the global world. I have free access to more information in one day than my mother had in a whole year when she was my age. What does this have to do with retiring at forty five?

Our world is hundred times faster and with hundreds of opportunities than my parent’s generation. We have the ability to generate more income in five years than our parents could in ten years. With proper planning, savings and investment, we should be able to take half the time it took our parents to earn as much as they did to be able to retire.
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Life Lessons: 3 – How you view yourself is how others will view you

2010-06-21T18:35:00.004Z

When we wake up in the morning and prepare for the day’s activities, be it work or school, one close friend of ours is the mirror. Men may use it only in the morning but our fairer sex carry smaller versions of the mirror in their purse and handbags for use through out the day.

We turn to the mirror to see what we are and it gives us exactly that - our reflection. It shows us how the cloths we have decided to wear looks on us. The truth is that the mirror gives us what we have already given ourselves.

As I grew up there were countless number of times I had expected others to treat me in a particular manner and I quite did not understand it when they treated me contrary to my expectations. Soon enough, I discovered the fact that people will treat me the way I treated myself. This simple knowledge completely changed my whole outlook of life.

I started making both internal and external changes. I started telling myself I was a smart chap, that I was brilliant and for a boy sharing first name with Einstein, I was definitely good at mathematics. Before I started having these internal views of myself, I was the complete opposite. My average position in a class of forty was between twenty and thirty. I saw myself as average and of course my teachers referred to me as one of the average kids in their class.

The more I considered myself as brilliant, the more I worked towards becoming brilliant, in my last year in senior high school, one teacher referred to me as the most brilliant boy in the class. Yes how I viewed myself was how others were viewing me. Like the mirror, the thing others will see is what I have put on and they will reflect back to me how I viewed myself.

So have a positive view of yourself, it gives you the desire and energy to make the gradual changes to get others to view you the way you want they to view you. Share your opinion on this by leaving your comments below.

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Life Lessons: 2 – Never go in for a bad loan

2010-06-16T09:00:00.003Z

Beginning this month, I started writing the 100 lessons i have learnt in life so far. This is the Lesson number 2. click here to read lesson number 1

To owe another man is to be his slave.

Not all glitters is gold, this is an old adage but its wisdom lives on and will continue way after our generation. We live in a world where living beyond our means is considered ‘normal’. Our governments ran on deficit budges, the companies we work for run on huge loans form banks and superstars who earn millions are sinking into debt.

If there was one thing I wish I knew before I turned 29, it was the difference between a good loan and a bad loan, especially in this era of credit cards and all sort of enticing bank loans and credits systems being shoved down our throats.

Thanks ot Robert Kiyosaki for opening my eyes to the difference between a good loan and a bad loan. If I had known this difference earlier in life, I would not have got myself deep into debt at an earlier age and had to pay so much in interest for three continuous years. If you have not as yet read Robert Kiyosaki’s ‘Rich Dad, Poor Dad’ book, then go grab a copy and save yourself years of financial misery.

In short a good loan is one someone else pays for you and a bad loan is one you pay yourself. Want an example? Say you buy a taxi, the passengers end up paying off the loan and the taxi becomes your property, if you buy a private car, you will have to pay the loan yourself.

So that does that mean you should not buy a private car? No the simple wisdom is that buy the taxi, get the passengers to pay off the loan and then get them to buy you the private car too. Apply this to every facet of your life, it will mean delayed gratification but it will save you years of misery in what Robert calls the ‘Rat race’ – simply put – invest in assets and use the profits or interest to get the liabilities.

I only wish I knew this difference before I got into debt. Have a different view? Speak your mind , write a comment below.

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Life Lessons: 1 – Learn how to swim

2010-06-16T08:58:00.001Z

Beginning this month, I am writing the 100 lessons i have learnt in life so far. This is the Lesson number 1.

Learn how to swim

The honest truth is that I still do not know how to swim and it is one of the things I should have learnt a long time ago but which I have not and for which I have continuing fear, especially when I am on a plane flying over the sea, what would I do would we crush into the sea. It is not that I am a pessimistic person but I rather like to have a plan B and knowing how to swim for someone who travels quite often, seems to be a good plan B.

Knowing how to swim has other benefits beyond surviving a plane crush. You never know when you will have to rescue someone who is drowning, how you would feel seeing someone drown and you cannot do anything to save him/her because you never learnt how to swim – it would not be a pleasant experience and definitely it is not one to experience.

One other reason to learn how to swim is for the pure relation swimming in the pool or sea on a hot afternoon provides. Just imagine the cool water over your body as the sun shines on you! And the refreshing feeling it gives. Man I am missing one off the best pleasures of life just because I do not know how to swim – all I do when I get to the poll is dangle my feet in the water!

Recently I heard that swimming is one of the best form of exercise as it requires the movement of all the muscles in your body, well i do not know how true it is but I am yet to see an avid swimmer with a pot belly.

With all these reasons, I am off to learn how to swim. If you have any other reason(s) why swimming should be one of the skills everyone should learn.Please share it by posing a comment below.

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A few simple things...

2009-07-12T09:21:00.003Z

No matter who you are or what you earn, it's easier than you think to take control of your money. A few simple things done regularly can really make a difference.

A few simple things will put you in charge. You will be able to do more with your money today and let yourself do the things you want tomorrow.

The important thing is to get started.

To get started

Set some financial goals
Work out your budget
Get into the savings habit

Set some financial goals - your goals don't have to be big but you need to focus on what you really want. Your goals will be influenced by your age, your family commitments and your financial situation. You may want to control your debts, buy a new car, have enough for a deposit on a home, or be ready to retire in comfort. It doesn't matter what your goals are, what is important is that you have some. See Budgeting.

Work out your budget - working out your budget does not have to be complicated and will help you take charge of your money. Knowing where your money comes from and where it goes is a good staring point towards reaching your goals.

Everybody who does a budget and keeps it up to date sees how it pays off. If you are spending more than you earn, a budget can show you where you might be able to save money.

If you have money left over, you might be able to make better use of it. Write down all of your income and expenses, subtract one from the other to see if you are spending more than you earn. See Budget planner.

Get into the savings habit - the secret to successful saving is simple. Start now. Even a small amount saved regularly can really make a difference and help you reach your goals.

There are lots of ways to get started. Some people like to do a budget to work out what they can save. Others start by putting away a small amount each pay. Whatever works for you, the trick is to start now. You can also make it easy by setting up an automatic deduction so you don't have to think about it. See Saving.

credit:http://www.understandingmoney.gov.au
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Cash flow quadrant

2009-06-21T19:28:00.010Z

Undoubtedly Robert Kiyosaki is one this era's best know authors on personal finance. His book 'Cash Flow Quadrant' is a classic. Today, I want to share with you 20 of the many gems I gleaned from this book

It does not take money nor a good formal education to achieve financial freedom e.g. Thomas Edison founder of general electric Henry Ford founder of Ford Motor Bill Gate Ted turner Michael dell Steve founder of apple and Ralph Lauren founder of polo.
It takes a dream a lot of determination, a willingness to learn quickly, and the ability to use your God-given assets properly and to know which sector of the cash flow quadrant to generate your income from
More than anything, it is the internal difference of our core values, strengths, weaknesses and interest that affect which quadrant we decide to generate our income from. Some people love being employees while others hate it. Certain people love investing, while others only see the risk of losing money. Most of us are a little of each of these characters being successful in the four quadrants often means redirection some internal core values.
Money is important ,yet I did not want to spend my life working or it.
Rich dad though that it is foolish to spend your life working for money and to pretend that money was not important.
Learn to have money and people work hard for you, and you can be free to do the things that are important.
There is a difference between being rich and being wealthy.
The definition of wealth is the number of day you can survive, without physically working and still maintain your standard of loving, wealth is measured it time not dollars or cedis.
Ultimately it is not how much money you make that matters, but how much money you keep and how long that money works for you. Every day I meet many people who make a lot of money, but all of their money goes out the expense column.

Are stockbrokers investors? They buy stocks low and hope to sell high. In reality their profession is trading much like a person who owns a retail shop and buys items at wholesale and ells them at retail.
One of the reasons the rich get richer is because they sometimes can make millions and legally not pay taxes on that money. That’s because they make money in the assert column not in the income column or they make money as investors not workers.
The difference between a gambler and an investor is this for a gambler, investing is a game of chance. For an investor investing is a game of skill. And for the people who turn their money over to someone else to invest, investing is often a game they do not ant to learn.
The idea of go to school and get a safe secure job was a good idea or people born before 1930 today everyone needs to go to school to learn to get a good job, but we also need to know how to invest ,and investing is not a subject taught in school.
People who seek security use the word diversification a lot why? Because the strategy of diversification is an investment strategy for not losing. It is not an investment strategy for winning. Successful or rich inventors do not diversify. They focus their efforts.
The problem with the left side or the cashflow quadrant is that most people go there to avoid financial risk. Instead of avoiding risk, I recommend learning how to manage financial risk.
People who take risks change the world. Few people ever get rich without taking risks.
Financial freedom might be free, but it does not come cheap. Freedom has a price…and to me it is worth the price .the big secret is this .it takes neither money to be financially free nor a good formal education .it also doesn’t have to be risky. Instead freedom’s price is measured in dreams, desires and the ability to overcome.
Knowledge is power all they have to do is wait for the opportunity to use their knowledge and then you will have the money.
Even if you do not have much money it is important to invest in your education for when the changes come, you will be better prepared for them. The game and rules are different for each of the quadrants … which is why I recommend education over ego.
A big secret is that true inventors make more money in bad markets .They make their money because the non-investors are panicking and selling when they should be buying. That is why I am not afraid of the possible coming economic changes….because changes mean wealth is being transferred.

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The best 100 money tips ever! 81 - 100

2009-06-18T19:16:00.006Z

This is the final part of five posts on The best 100 money tips ever. Click below to read the other posts.
1- 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 - 100

81. If you have dependants, life assurance is more important than investments. Investments take longer to accumulate to the level that may be required by your dependants, whereas life assurance benefits can immediately meet those needs if required.

82. As a general rule, you should keep your risk life assurance against death and disability separate from your investments, particularly if the risk assurance is for a long period. The main reason for this is that, if you land up in financial difficulties, you do not want to lose the risk cover because you have had to stop paying the investment portion. This strategy also gives you more flexibility with your investments.

83. Life assurance against dying or being disabled may only be required for short periods. For example, you may need cover to provide for the education of children for 10 years or until you have built up sufficient savings. You do not need a 20-year contract.

84. Consider joint life assurance if you have a partner. It is often cheaper. It comes with the options of paying when the first of the two dies, or when the last partner dies, or fully on the death of each partner. Obviously, the premium will be determined by the option you choose.

85. Be very wary of credit life assurance. Although it can be essential to ensure debts are paid when you die, it is also open to abuse. Often, when you finance, for example, a motor vehicle, you will be sold life assurance to cover the debt. But many sales people sell you assurance that runs for a longer term than the debt and credit life assurance has an investment element included. Commission, not your financial well-being, motivates sales people.

86. You need to do some estate planning, particularly if you are wealthy. Any amount above R1.5 million that is not left to your spouse is subject to estate duty at a rate of 20 percent, and any capital gain that is not exempt is subject to capital gains tax, as death is considered a capital gains event. (The first R50 000 is exempt when you die.) If you do not have readily available cash to cover these taxes, you need life assurance to ensure there will be no need for a fire sale of other assets.

87. Apart from when you have a home loan, you cannot be forced to take out short-term insurance with any particular company when you receive a loan on a fixed or moveable asset. You can be forced to take out insurance, but you can and should shop around for the cheapest premium.

88. You can reduce the amount you pay in short-term insurance by increasing the excess (the first portion of any claim, which you pay). A higher excess will mean lower premiums. However, you should keep the excess within affordable limits. Better still, build up savings equivalent to any excess you may be required to pay and earn interest on them.

89. When you change address, check whether your short-term insurance premiums could be reduced. Where you live can effect the level of your short-term insurance premiums.

90. Most short-term insurance policies have a number of exclusions. For example, on motor vehicle insurance, you are required to maintain the vehicle properly. For example, if your tyres are smooth, your claim will be rejected no matter what the cause of the accident. Be aware of the exclusions, so that you don’t have a claim refused unexpectedly.

91. Check the value of your motor vehicle. One racket perpetrated by insurance companies is to increase premiums annually, when they should be decreased to take account of the declining value of your vehicle. When you claim, you will only be paid the actual value, not the insured value.

92. When making a short-term insurance claim, first find out what effect the claim will have on your no- claim bonus. If the claim (after payment of the excess) is relatively small, it may be better not to claim and keep your no-claim bonus intact. A no-claim bonus can equal as much as a 60 percent reduction on premiums after five years.

93. Use the R10 000 exemption from capital gains tax. Every year you are entitled to claim an exemption of R10 000 against any capital gain. Say, for example, you want to cash in an investment with a capital gain of R20 000 in November. Instead, cash in half in November and half after March 1, the start of the new tax year.

94. Interest-bearing investments become far more attractive when you don’t have to pay tax. For the current tax year, the first R10 000 in interest income is tax exempt if you are under the age of 65, and R15 000 if you are over the age of 65.

95. If you are investing for an income and have exceeded your tax-free interest exemption, consider cashing in investment capital that you can offset against your R10 000 capital gains tax exemption.

96. Never make a tax decision first when investing. Consider the tax implication last. Many people make the tax decision first and reject what could have been a good investment.

97. If your spouse is on a lower marginal income tax rate than you, it is best to transfer interest-earning assets to him/her. Also, remember that each spouse is entitled to the tax-free amount of R10 000 under the age of 65 and R15 000 over the age of 65.

98. To qualify for the R1 million capital gains tax exemption on your primary residence, you actually have to live in that property. If you rent out the property for even part of the time, you will have to deduct the period proportionally from the exemption.

99. The benefits of a life assurance policy are not subject to income tax or capital gains tax in your hands. Tax is paid on your behalf by the life assurance company at rates of 30 percent on interest, net rental and foreign dividends, and an effective 7.5 percent on capital gains. So, if your marginal tax rate is greater than 30 percent, you are receiving a tax advantage by investing in a life assurance policy as opposed to a unit trust investment with similar underlying investments.

100. Assets can be transferred between spouses without attracting donations tax. So it can pay to transfer assets on which capital gains tax may become due, to take advantage of lower marginal tax rates and the R10 000 exemption. Remember, 25 percent of a capital gain (which is not exempt) is included as income for tax purposes. So, the lower your marginal rate, the lower your capital gains tax will be.

This article first appeared in the 4th quarter 2003 edition (volume 17) of Personal Finance magazine.

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The best 100 money tips ever! 61- 80

2009-06-18T19:02:00.007Z

This is the fourth part of five posts on The best 100 money tips ever.
Click below to read the other posts.
1- 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 - 100

61. Always negotiate your interest rates. Shop around. A one-percent difference can have a significant effect. On a R100 000 mortgage bond over 20 years at 15 percent, you will repay R316 029 in total. At 14 percent, you will repay R298 444 – a saving of R17 584.

62. When mortgage bond interest rates come down, keep your repayments at the same level. You will pay off your bond quicker and save yourself a whack in interest repayments. Repayments will also not be so difficult to contend with if interest rates rise again.

63. If you take out a home loan when interest rates are low, always ask yourself whether you will be able to afford the repayments if interest rates go up. If you are in doubt, take out a smaller loan.

64. Most mortgage bonds enable you to repay more than your set repayments and to borrow against what you have paid. This is useful not only to borrow money for other things at short notice, but also to use as a savings account. The effective interest you receive is much greater and there are no additional costs. Say, for instance, you need to put away money to pay school fees or provisional tax. “Save” the money in your mortgage bond until you need it, rather than in a low-interest bank savings account.

65. Get a pre-approval agreement on a mortgage bond before you start looking for a home. This will give you the advantage of being able to shop around for the best rate while you’re not under pressure and the buyer will be more willing to sell to you knowing that the money is available.

66. Always have a lawyer check a property deed of sale before you sign up. Also make a deed of sale subject to conditions such as a proper inspection being done, if you suspect building faults, and to raising a mortgage bond, if you need one.

67. A bank valuation of a property is not a guarantee that the building is structurally sound. If you suspect a problem, get a full structural survey before you enter any contractual agreement.

68. Don’t fall prey to what is called a mortgage bond-linked endowment. With these products, you are encouraged to take out a home loan, repay only the interest, and invest the amount that would have repaid the capital. The theory is that, at the end of the period, the investment should be worth more than the capital. With high interest rates and poor investment returns, these are high-risk products.

69. If you take out life assurance, always declare any health problem or habit or hobby that might affect your insurability. You may have to pay more in premiums, but at least your dependants will receive the money if and when a claim is made. If you lie, either by omission or commission, your dependants may be left with nothing. The life assurance company is legally entitled to repudiate any claim when incorrect information is provided, even if it is not associated with the cause of death or disability.

70. Never buy too much life assurance against death or disability. The purpose of life assurance is to ensure you and your dependants maintain a standard of living, not to enrich dependants in the future. Too much life assurance merely means you are paying out more in premiums and costs, and you have to accept a lower standard of living now.

71. Always avoid cashing in an investment (endowment/universal) policy before its maturity date. Cashing in is costly. Not only could you receive less money than you have paid into the investment, but if there is life assurance cover attached to the policy, you may not be able to replace the cover in the future, particularly if you are less healthy.

72. When taking out life assurance cover against dying or being disabled, always establish whether the premiums are guaranteed – and for how long. It is preferable to get a longer term guarantee on your premiums.

73. If you have no option but to surrender a life assurance investment policy, always see if you cannot get more than the surrender value offered by the life assurance company by trading the policy on the secondhand market.

74. Rather than surrendering a policy, consider other options, such as making it paid-up so you can stop paying premiums. You may also be able to take a loan against the policy, but check the interest rate; sometimes it is higher than it would be if you used the policy as security to get a bank loan.

75. If you are concerned about volatile markets, one of the best investment products you can get is a life assurance smoothed bonus policy that guarantees your capital and smooths out the market returns.

76. If you intend the benefits of a life assurance policy to go to someone in particular, have this on record with the life company by naming the person as the beneficiary of the policy. This has two advantages: You do not pay executor’s fees of up to 3.75 percent with VAT on the amount; and the beneficiary receives the money almost immediately, without it being tied up for months or even years while your estate is finalised. More often than not, your dependants will need the money immediately after your death.

77. If you can afford a hamburger and Coke every day, you can afford life assurance. Life assurance is essential for anyone who has dependants.

78. If you plan to stay single with no dependants, you do not need life assurance against dying, but you do need disability assurance in case you become ill or are injured in an accident.

79. It is not saving if you put money away at the start of the month but withdraw it before the end of the month. Life assurance investments are useful for people who find it difficult to save, because they commit you to a contract for at least five years and cost you dearly if you break the contract.

80. Do not take out a life assurance investment contract for more than 10 years. You don’t know how your financial position could change. At the end of the period you can always extend the contract, but if you have to cut it short, there are penalties involved that could see you getting back less money than you paid in. The main reason life assurance sales people attempt to get you to take out longer-term policies is because they receive more commission.

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The best 100 money tips ever! 41- 60

2009-06-18T18:49:00.009Z

This is the third part of five posts on The best 100 money tips ever.
Click below to read the other posts.
1- 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 - 100

41. Start planning your retirement at least three to five years before the date on which you are due to retire, so that you understand all your options and are not rushed into any last-minute decisions.

42. Be careful when buying an annuity (pension) with (at least) two-thirds of your retirement fund savings, as you are required to do by law. Living annuities have been widely mis-sold because of their potential to earn higher profits for the companies selling them and higher commissions for advisers. With a living annuity, you take the investment risks; with a traditional guaranteed annuity, you don’t, the life assurer does.

43. If you are investing in a living annuity to buy a pension and you need to draw more than the minimum five percent of the annual value, you could be exposing yourself to the risk of not having sufficient money to provide you with a financially secure income until you die.

44. Most living annuity providers allow you to draw your pension from different parts of the underlying investments. This enables you to structure the annuity so you have an income-generating portion and a capital growth portion. You should use this facility to invest mainly in interest-generating investments for the income portion. This will significantly reduce the risk of undermining your capital.

45. If you use a living annuity to buy a pension, do not invest all the money in equities or equity unit trusts. At the absolute maximum, you should have no more than 75 percent invested in equities. The balance should be in more stable interest-earning investments.

46. Always pay the full amount owing on your credit card. If you do not, you will be charged a punishing rate of interest from the date of purchase. The so-called budget account on your credit card is a misnomer, as you pay a high rate of interest.

47. Use a credit card to get 55 days’ interest-free credit by buying at the start of the buy-and-pay cycle and repaying the debt in full by the due date. This option does not apply to cash withdrawals and petrol purchases, on which you pay punitive interest rates from the date of the transaction.

48. Don’t leave large amounts of money sitting in a low-interest bank savings or current account. Rather put the money into a money market account or into your mortgage bond.

49. Pay yourself first. Set up debit orders that channel money into investments as soon after pay day as possible so that you will not “miss” the money.

50. Never use debt on which you have to pay interest to buy products you consume. You are in effect making the items far more expensive, and will be able to save less and buy less in the long term.

51. Borrowing to buy reasonably priced property is a good thing because you can expect the property to improve in value.

52. You should not, as a rule, borrow to invest, particularly not in volatile markets, such as share markets. The exception is property that you intend to hold for at least five years and in which you live.

53. Keep a good credit record. It could save you thousands of rands, particularly when you want to borrow money for big-ticket items such as a home or a vehicle, because the better your credit record, the lower the interest rate you can expect to pay.

54. The best investment you can make is to repay debt. Interest rates in Africa are high. By paying off debt, you get one of the best returns available, tax-free.

55. Borrow wisely. Expensive debt is a quick way to lose money. For example, borrowing against a credit card is far more expensive than borrowing against a home loan. The difference can be more than 10 percentage points.

56. If you have a problem meeting your debts, don’t try to hide away. Go and speak to your creditors, particularly your bank, to find a way out of your problem. Don’t use debt consolidators/administrators. They will charge you far more interest and make your problem worse.

57. Beware of plastic. Store cards and credit cards may be convenient, but they are also an easy way of running up debt.

58. Don’t fly now, pay later. It is very depressing to be still paying for a holiday (or any other luxury) five years later, when you want another.

59. If you take out life assurance or short-term insurance to cover debt or an asset financed with debt, always pay the premiums as they become due to avoid paying interest on the premiums as well.

60. Try to repay more on your home loan than the minimum. For example, on a home loan of R 100 000 at a mortgage bond rate of 15 percent over 20 years, your normal repayments will be R1 316.79. Increase the repayments by R100 and you will reduce your repayment period to 14 years and five months, and you will save R88 224.93 in interest repayments.

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The best 100 money tips ever! 21 - 40

2009-06-15T15:38:00.008Z

This is the second part of five posts on The best 100 money tips ever.
Click below to read the other posts.
1- 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 - 100

21. If you are investing a large lump sum, put the money in a money market account to start with and phase it into pre-selected investments over a period of time. This is particularly important with equity markets: don’t invest all your money when prices are high and lose out later, when they come down.

22. Don’t be taken in by labels. Some investment products style themselves as fulfilling certain needs (for example, “a savings plan for your child”). Banks often offer need-branded products. Always check the underlying investment proposal. There might well be a more suitable generic product with a better-performing underlying investment, such as a life assurance managed portfolio or a unit trust asset allocation fund, which has a low-risk structure but the potential for much better returns.

23. Don’t become emotionally attached to shares. If a particular share bombs out for good reason, such as bad management or failure to adapt to new markets, get out. But if the share value is falling as part of a general sector downgrade, there is little reason to sell.

24. If you are trading shares for short-term gain, you are not an investor, you’re a gambler. Don’t be surprised when you make a loss.

25. Avoid investing in unlisted companies. These companies are not properly regulated and are the favourite vehicle of scam artists. If you decide to invest in an unlisted company, make sure you do your homework first and understand all the risks.

26. Never invest in anything where the underlying investments are shrouded in secrecy. Your money is likely to be secreted away too, never to be seen again. A good example was Jack Milne’s PSC Guaranteed Growth investment scam. Milne refused to divulge the underlying investments, claiming it would show his competitors how he was getting exceptional returns.

27. Being a contrary investor can make all the difference. As investment market guru Sir John Templeton says: “The time of maximum pessimism in the stock market is the time to buy; the time of maximum optimism is the time to sell.”

28. Never invest on an ad hoc basis. You should have an overall financial plan designed to meet all your financial needs, taking into account your investment goals and life assurance needs. Investing in something simply because someone (and that includes your neighbour or hairdresser) recommends it, is unlikely to help you achieve your financial targets.

29. When you are advised to invest in something, always do a bit of research of your own. Get a second opinion and use the internet.

30. Use comparatively safe investments – such as life assurance smoothed-bonus policies and unit trust prudential or flexible asset allocation funds – as core investments. They may not give you spectacular performance, but they will provide you with a measure of security.

31. Investing in a low-cost index fund may not give you top performance, but at least it will not give you bottom performance. Local and international research has repeatedly shown that very few active fund managers consistently out-perform the markets. With an index fund, you are likely to do better than the average fund manager – and at lower cost. Index investments come in many different forms, from unit trusts to exchange-traded funds, which are listed on stock exchanges. You need to understand them before you invest.

32. As a general rule, only invest when you have no debt. The tax-free return you receive from paying off debt is likely to be greater than any returns (which are likely to be taxed) you receive from an investment. There are exceptions, such as paying into a retirement fund while you have a home loan.

33. Be prepared to pay for good advice, as you would for any expertise. But make sure you deal with an adequately qualified adviser – preferably one who is a Certified Financial Planner accredited by the Financial Planning Institute. Good advice is worth its weight in gold. You would not go to a barber to have your teeth checked, so why go to someone for financial advice if that person is not properly qualified?

34. Always have an emergency cash fund. Ideally, the fund should be equal to three months’ income. This way you will not have to cash in investments at an inopportune time or take out a high-interest loan if you are suddenly landed with a major expense.

35. An investment in a unit trust fund that is always in the top 25 percent of performers, even if it has never come first, is preferable to one that has been ranked first once and languishes in the lower realms of the tables for the rest of the time. Check the consistency of performance tables published every three months in Personal Finance to help you find funds that perform well consistently.

36. If you are a member of a defined benefit or defined contribution retirement fund, or you contribute to a retirement annuity, you can deduct your contributions (limited to pre-determined levels) from your taxable income and defer tax until your retirement years. This way you get to earn investment returns on money that would otherwise have gone to the Receiver of Revenue.

37. Money paid into a retirement fund or retirement annuity is not counted as being part of your estate, so your creditors cannot claim this money if you go bankrupt. This is very useful if you are involved in a small business or you have provided personal security for a loan to a business.

38. At retirement you should consider exercising your option to take as cash up to one-third of your retirement savings from a defined benefit or defined contribution retirement fund or a retirement annuity. There are two reasons for doing this:
- In the case of retirement funds, you are entitled to either R120 000 or R4 500 a year multiplied by the number of years you belonged to the fund (whichever is the greater) as a tax-free amount. With retirement annuities, you are entitled to R4 500 multiplied by the number of years of membership, tax-free.
- The remaining amount will be taxed at your average rate of tax for the year of your retirement and the previous year, instead of at your higher marginal rate of taxation. Invest the tax-free amount where it will attract the lowest rate of tax and earn the best risk-adjusted returns.

39. The earlier you start a retirement annuity, the greater your tax-free benefit at retirement. This is because the tax-free portion is R4 500 multiplied by the number of years of membership of the fund. You should avoid having too many retirement annuity plans as you could undermine your ability to get the maximum tax-free allowance at retirement.

40. Mind the gap. Very few retirement funds provide enough money to ensure a financially secure retirement, particularly now that most companies are reducing or discontinuing medical scheme subsidies to retirees. This means you need to have other investments to top up your retirement fund savings. Make sure you check up on how you are managing to fill “the gap” by regularly having a financial needs analysis with a properly qualified financial adviser.

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The best 100 money tips ever! 1- 20

2009-05-31T21:10:00.008Z

This is the first of five posts on The best 100 money tips ever!.
Click below to read the other posts.
1- 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 - 100

1. Save 10 cents from every R1 you earn. If you put away at least 10 percent of your income as part of a long-term savings plan, there is a good chance that you will have a financially secure future and be able to attain your financial goals.

2. Put 10 percent of every pay increase towards savings, particularly long-term savings such as a retirement plan. If you are employed and belong to a retirement fund, your contributions will increase automatically in proportion to your pay rises. This will help ensure that you stay well ahead of inflation.

3. Use the "Can I sleep?" judgment when making investments. An investment is too risky if you are going to lie awake at night worrying about it.

4. Diversify your investments. Never invest more than five percent of your assets in a narrow investment (for example, a specialist unit trust fund such as an emerging company one) or in an unregulated investment. Diversifying your investments will ensure you don’t lose everything if one investment bombs out. Many people who invested all their assets in major scams such as Masterbond lost everything, and the same thing can happen in the regulated market if you put all your money into one sector ... just consider how the information technology bubble burst in 2000.

5. Be extremely cautious if the returns promised on an investment exceed what is generally available. If they sound too good to be true, they probably are. It usually means the investment is too ambitious in its claims, too risky, or simply a scam.

6. Know the difference between effective and nominal interest rates. Normally, banks will quote you a nominal interest rate when lending you money, but a higher, effective interest rate when you invest money. The nominal interest rate is the simple rate. The effective rate is calculated by compounding the interest earned or charged.

7. Check whether the interest you are being paid is credited monthly, quarterly or annually. Say you invest R10 000 for 10 years. If you receive interest at 10 percent credited annually, you will get a total return of R25 937. If it is credited monthly, you will receive R27 070.

8. How do you decide whether you should invest directly in shares? Simple. If you haven’t got the time to learn about stock markets, to follow the progress of companies or to track your portfolio, rather invest in mutual funds,unit trust funds and/or life assurance endowment policies that have shares as their underlying investments.

9. If you do invest directly in shares, your two most important considerations should be ensuring that you have a properly diversified selection of shares across the stock market sectors to reduce risk, and regularly rebalancing your portfolio. When a share rises in price, you should consider selling some, but not all, of these shares, so that you make a profit, but your overall portfolio remains proportionally the same as it was when you started. By doing this, you’ll be able to reap further profits if the share price continues to rise.

10. If an investment product is too complicated to understand, avoid it. It does not mean you are stupid. It simply means that the product provider and/or financial adviser are trying to baffle you.

11. Always check the costs of any investment product. Some products are prohibitively expensive. You should be given a breakdown of the costs in three ways: as a percentage of your investment; as a fixed amount; and as the amount by which the costs will reduce your investment at maturity date. Be very careful if the costs are more than six percent at entry and more than two percent a year thereafter.

12. Always check how much commission is being paid to your financial adviser. Some financial products – particularly those offered by so-called linked investment product providers – come with particularly high costs and commissions. High commissions can be a perverse incentive for advisers to mis-sell.

13. A product offering a range of underlying investment product choices, such as a wide collection of mutual funds or unit trust funds, is often not in your best interests and may come at additional cost. Be very cautious if anyone recommends that you invest in a linked investment product with a wide selection of underlying investment choices. Remember that linked investment products come in many forms and are also offered by life assurance companies. The simpler and cheaper solution may be to invest in a properly diversified mutual fund or unit trust fund, such as an asset allocation fund that offers underlying investments in all the main asset classes, such as cash, bonds and shares.

14. Don’t be afraid to negotiate commissions/fees for financial advice. Most financial products allow you to do this. After all, it is your money.

15. If you have a choice, should you pay a fee or commission for financial advice? As a general rule, a fee is better for large amounts of money and a commission for smaller amounts.

16. If you are a true investor, you invest for the long term and you don’t panic when markets fall. If you want to invest for the short term, you should use a bank term deposit or a money market account rather than an investment in the equity markets.

17. It is time in the market and not timing the market that counts. Don’t try to time markets or sectors of markets. Few people have got rich from doing this and most have lost money. The best way to get rich is to take time to select an investment product that has properly diversified underlying investments, and then to stick with it for the long term. Most people make the fundamental error of buying into an investment when it is at the peak of its performance and then selling out when its value has dropped.

18. Always check that an investment product and/or company is registered with the approriate regulatory body in your country before investing. If it is not registered and things go wrong, you will have little recourse, so be extremely wary.

19. Charges on life assurance investments (endowments) are proportionally higher on lower amounts. Check the structure of costs in relation to premiums. You might find that paying just a few pesewa, cent or rand more every month costs you proportionally less. This will give you a better return.

20. Investing on a regular basis is a good strategy in volatile markets. If markets rise, your investment improves in value. If markets fall, you get more for your money, and you’ll benefit when markets go up again. This is known as pesewa/cent/rand-cost averaging.

These tips are courtesy the Personal Finace of South Africa website

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Warren Buffett's 20 Ticket Punch Card

2009-05-31T19:35:00.003Z

A Stock Market Strategy for Better Investing Results
By Joshua Kennon, About.com

Warren Buffett has often said, "I could improve your ultimate financial welfare by giving you a ticket with only twenty slots in it so that you had twenty punches - representing all the investments that you got to make in a lifetime. And once you'd punched through the card, you couldn't make any more investments at all. Under those rules, you'd really think carefully about what you did, and you'd be forced to load up on what you'd really thought about. So you'd do so much better."

Why? Too often investors throw money around like scattering seed, saying to themselves, "I'll throw a little here and little there to see what happens." Instead, Buffett advocates a policy of finding the best and richest soil, planting substantial amount of seed in it, and protecting it. This policy may sound simple, and it is. It also can be life changing. Lou Simpson, one of the best investors in the world and head of GEICO's equity portfolio, once said that this particular Buffett strategy helped him enormously in his record of crushing the market over several decades.

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Execution is Everything

2009-05-26T03:35:00.004Z

If you have followed my posts over the last two months, you will now have an idea of how to allocate your investments according to your assessment of future inflation rates and your own personal profile. Once your have decided how you want to divide up your funds, you must implement your plan. What’s the best way?

It depends on the value of your portfolio. If your portfolio is small, you should certainly consider mutual funds. Otherwise, with only limited amounts available to invest, you’ll probably find it difficult to achieve enough diversification within each asset category on your own.

For example, you may be able to purchase only four or five individual stocks with the Ghana Cedis or dollars you’ve allocated to shares or stocks. The probability that the total return from these few shares will be close to the market average is far less that the possibility that the return from forty or fifty shares in a mutual fund will approximate the average.
If you have a greater amount to invest, you may want to use a discount broker or retail broker to buy shares and bonds.

Again, to some degree how you invest – whether in individual securities or mutual funds – will vary according to your own attitude towards risk and the particular investment category. It’s hard to diversify adequately with fixed-income vehicles. For instance Institutions trade some bonds heavily, and commissions are steep on bonds purchases of less than GHc10,000 (Ghana) or $50,00 (US).

But with shares or common stocks, you may achieve enough diversification with GHc10,000 (Ghana) or $50,00 (US) or less – even if you make round lot purchases (that is, purchase of 100 shares or multiples of 100 shares). Mutual funds offer the opportunity to diversify with even less money.
If your portfolio is substantial, you may want to use an investment manager to manage your money. Most reputable money managers, however, will mange portfolios of only GHc50,000 (Ghana) or $250,00 (US) of more .

Firm Foundation
You know the basics of asset allocation. And you realize that this concept is the cornerstone of a sound financial plan. Moreover, you also have a good idea of how best to diversify your own portfolio. In the subsequent posts, you will see how to make specific choices with the broad asset – allocation categories that are right for your circumstances.

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Diversification – the Retiree

2009-05-26T03:01:00.003Z

In my last two posts I looked at the personal cases of the Young Professional , the Rising Executive, the Manager and the Senior Executive and how they can diversify their resources across different resource. In this post, I will consider the case of the Retiree.

Retiree
Characteristics
Age: 60 plus Income: GHc 15,000 (Ghana) $100,000 (US)
Net Worth: GHc 225,000 (Ghana) $1.5million (US)
Risk tolerance:
Low Goals: Preserving capital

Assert Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents………….…………………..…..10% to 20%
Fixed-income vehicles……………………………………….40% to 50% Equities………………………………………………………..25% to 35%
Hard assets…………………………………………………... 5% to 15%

Financial Profile
Since you no longer take home a salary or pay cheque or expect to in the future – your tolerance for risk is low. For the same reason, your need for current income from your investments have increased.
And your planning time is shorter, so you can afford to reduce your inflation hedges. Also, you might find yourself needing some ready cash – for unexpected illnesses as an example.

Investment Strategies
You’re satisfied with a modest return on your cash, since you want to reduce the volatility of your portfolio and maintain readily accessible cash reserves.
You expect a lower return on you fixed-income investments than you’d get on shares or common stocks. But their lower volatility and higher current income make the trade-off worthwhile.

You still want to keep a significant portion of your portfolio in equities. You like the growth potential.
You also want to stay diversified in the event of a drop in the value of your fixed-income vehicles.

Since you’re more concerned about predictable income and your need for inflation hedges is low, you have few funds committed to hard assets.
Besides, most hard assets have low – or – no current income and liquidity, making them particularly unattractive for a retirement portfolio.

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Diversification – the Manager & Senior Executive

2009-05-17T19:47:00.010Z

In my previous post I looked at the personal cases of the Young Professional and that of the Rising Executive and how they can diversify their resources across different resource. In this post, I will consider the cases of the Manager and Senior Executive

Manager
Characteristics
Age: 40s
Annual Income: GHc 10,000 (Ghana) $70,000 (US)
Net Worth: GHc 55,000 (Ghana) $300,000 (US)
Risk tolerance: Low to Medium
Goals: Educate children and planning for retirement

Assert Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents………….……………………..10% to 15%
Fixed-income vehicles……………………………………….30% to 40%
Equities………………………………………………………..35% to 45%
Hard assets…………………………………………………...5% to 20%

Financial Profile
Your allocation is more conservative and liquid than that of the rising executive. Granted, you’re the same age. And your concerns are also very similar. But you don’t expect your future earnings to be nearly as great. And you would be much worse off if you lost part of your principal.
Your focus is also more on such critical goals as retirement and you children’s educations. You're less concerned with discretionary goals, such as a second home or a deluxe vacation. So you may need less of an inflation hedge. The reason: you expect inflation for basic goods and services to lag behind the inflation you anticipate in the cost of discretionary, or luxury, items

Investment Strategies
To increase liquidity and boost your income, you allocate more to fixed-income vehicles and less to hard assets. Reducing your investment in hard assets also reflects your lesser need for an inflation hedge

Senior Executive
Characteristics
Age: 50s
Annual Income: GHc 30,000 (Ghana) $150,000 (US)
Net Worth: GHc 150,000 (Ghana) $1 million (US)
Risk tolerance: Low to Medium
Goals: Make gifts to children, grand children and charities; and plan for a comfortable retirement
Assert Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents………………………………….0% to 5%
Fixed-income vehicles……………………………………….30% to 40%
Equities………………………………………………………..35% to 45%
Hard assets…………………………………………………..15% to 30%

Financial Profile
Your cash flow is now quite healthy. Your earnings have increased considerably, and your expenses have decreased, since the children have all finished their costly colleague educations. Besides, you have now both just about everything you want and need.
But you do want to plan gifts for your children and grandchildren. And you’d like to make a generous bequest to you alma mater.
Most important: you need to feel secure that your retirement years will be comfortable.

Investment Strategies
Since you didn’t need much ready cash, you transfer some of your funds from cash equivalents to fixed-income instruments. You get a higher return from longer-term fixed-income instruments than from cash and cash equivalents. You still have a way to go until your retire, so you keep your inflation hedges – the hard assets – constant. Right now, it doesn’t bother you that these assets are illiquid and yield little.

In my next post, I will be considering the case of the Retiree

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Diversification – Young Professional & Rising Executive

2009-05-17T18:46:00.011Z

In my previous post I completed the two part topic of how to diversify your resources among various resources ( Part 1 and Part 2). In this post and the subsequent two. I will touch on how five different individuals can diversify their resources based on their personalities. Specifically I will consider the cases of the following:

Young Professional
Rising Executive
Manager
Senior Executive
Retiree

In this post, I will touch on the cases of the Young Professional and that of the Rising Executive.

Young Professional
Characteristics
Age: 30s
Annual Income: GHc 7,200 (Ghana) $50,000 (US
Net Worth: GHc 7,200 (Ghana) $50,000 (US)
Risk tolerance: High
Goals: Upgrade residence and personal property and begin planning for children’s education

Assert Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents………………………….……..5% to 10%
Fixed-income vehicles………………………………….….20% to 30%
Equities……………………………………….………….…..40% to 50%
Hard assets……………………………………...…………...15% to 30%

Financial Profile
You’re feeling optimistic about your life and career prospects. And you have a high tolerance for risk. After all, you reason, you can replace any principal you may lose, because your earnings are bound to spiral upward.
And since you have plenty of time for your investments to pay off, you can ride our any fluctuations in value common to growth stocks.
Moreover, you have little need for income other than your earnings, since your salary amply covers your living expenses.

You do, however want to protect your self against inflation over the long haul. So you invest in vehicles with a solid performance record over time
And you plan to make a down payment on a large house in the near future. So you want to keep a good portion of your holdings liquid.

Investment Strategies
Your portfolio is tilted quite heavily toward common stocks and real estates. The reason: although they fluctuate considerably in value, common stocks are historically, impressive performers over the long term. And they are very liquid.
Meanwhile, your hard assets – specifically your real-estate holdings – are an excellent hedge against inflation.

Rising Executive
Characteristics
Age: 40s
Annual Income: GHc 15,000 (Ghana) $100,000 (US)
Net Worth: GHc 75,000 (Ghana) $500,000 (US)
Risk tolerance: Medium to High
Goals: Educate children, buy a second home, begin planning for retirement and travel

Assert Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents………………………..………..5% to 10%
Fixed-income vehicles…………………………….………..25% to 35%
Equities…………………….………………………………....35% to 45%
Hard assets………………..……………………………….....15% to 30%
Compared with the young professional, the fixed income portion of your portfolio increases slightly while the percentage of common stocks decreases.

Financial Profile
You still have a long time for investment to pay off, but since you are beginning to consider retirement, you take a slightly more conservative posture than you did when you were younger. You still may replace any principal you lose with future earnings, but your time frame is shorter.
You are also less confident of you ability to slash money away, since your expenses are now higher than they were.

You have slightly less need for protection against inflation, because your investment planning period is shorter. But you may need additional income because of high living expenses.
And you still need to keep some holdings liquid. You want money for a sailboat and cash for a down payment on a second home.

Investment Strategies
By allocating less of your portfolio to common stocks and more to fixed – income vehicles, you reduce your overall risk and gain current income. Because you want ready access to your resources, you change the mix of your hard assets from natural resources, say to real estates.

In my next posts I will be considering the cases of the Manager ,the Senior Executive and the Retiree

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Free 7 weeks Investment course!

2009-05-09T22:01:00.012Z

If you answered "yes" to any of the above questions, you've come to the right place.I am offering for FREE a 7 weeek online course valued at $200!. This course will teach you about the building blocks of the investing world and the markets, give you some insight into techniques and strategies and help you think about which investing strategies suit you best.

So do yourself a lifelong favor and sign up for the FREE 7 weeks course by filling the form below!

Each week, over the next seven weeks, I will lead you on a journey covering the following:

What Is Investing?
Concept Of Compounding
Knowing Yourself
Preparing For Contradictions
Types Of Investments
Portfolios And Diversification
Conclusion

Fill this form to sign for the FREE 7 weeks course:

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How to diversify your resources among various resources – Part 2

2009-05-09T20:51:00.010Z

Diversification: the base case

This is the second part of the post I started last week. Last week I touched on Part 1 of how to diversify your resources among various resources, so by now you know which assets to include in your asset allocation or diversification plan and which to exclude. And you know the six different categories of investment assets you can choose from in diversifying your resources.

So how do you diversify?
Let’s ignore you personal circumstances for a moment and build an allocation model that assumes a moderate, stable level of inflation.
You might divide you assets equally among the six investment categories on the theory that equal investment provides equal protection against all kinds of risk – and particularly guards you against the ravages of inflation and deflation.

But since real estate, natural resources, and tangible assts usually move up or down in value together, it makes some sense to lump them into one category. Let’s call that category hard assets.
However, keep this point mind. Putting your money in real estate is usually less risky than putting your money in either natural resources or tangibles. The exceptions, if you have some special knowledge or experiences dealing with natural resources or tangible assets or have advice from a trusted expect

Now an equal division looks like this:
Cash and cash equivalents………………....………….25%
Fixed-income vehicles……………………….....………25%
Equities……………………………………………….....25%
Hard assets……………………………………………..25%
100%
But you really shouldn’t give cash equal treatment when it comes to allocating your resources. In most cases, an investment in cash is short term. Ghana cedis or dollars you have ‘parked’ in cash or cash – equivalent investment vehicles are cedis or dollars waiting to be invested more profitably.

So your cash investment actually represents your non commitment to some other investment category. It’s what’s left over after you’ve made your investment selection.
Reducing the percentage of assets you keep in cash results in this more realistic model for moderate inflation:
Cash and cash equivalents………………………..………..10%
Fixed-income vehicles…………………………....………….30%
Equities…………………………………………… ..........….30%
Hard assets…………………………………………........…..30%
100%

Now you’ve neutralize the potential impact of inflation. Cash is relatively unaffected by changes in inflation rates. But equities- investments, such as shares, that represent an ownership interest – are mixed bag. For example, whether or not a particular share moves in the direction of inflation depends on a variety of factors. Among them: the industry in which the company operates and the company itself.

Fixed-income securities

are a hedge against deflation. And hared assets are a hedge against inflation. (Remember, to make sure your hedges are truly effective, you must also diversify investment within your asset allocation categories)

Now suppose you expect inflation to be very low – or conversely very high. Here’s how our model might look in each of these situations:

Asset............................Moderate inflation..........Low inflation..........High inflation
Cash and cash equivalents............10%....................10%.................10%
Fixed-income vehicle.................... 30%....................45%.................15%
Equities ......................................30%.................... 30%.................30%
Hard assets .................................30% ....................15% ...............30%
Total............................................100% .................100% ..............100%

Diversification: the personal case
By now you should feel comfortable with the general principles of diversification. So let’s turn to the second part of our assets- allocation discussion: building a model that takes into account your own unique circumstance – the financial profile, goals, and objectives that you developed so far
To see how you might diversify your own resources, take a look at these sample asset allocations. There are six of them – I will be treating these in my next post beginning with the profile of a young professional.

Remember , there are no hard and fast allocation rules. But these models should give you a good idea of how to create your own diversified portfolio.

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How to diversify your resources among various resources – Part 1

2009-05-03T21:14:00.009Z

So far we have considered what asset allocation is and why it is important to diversify your assets. In this post I will break down asset allocation into two parts. First, we will address the general principles of asset allocation (just a quick review). Then I will show you how you can apply these principles to your specific situation.

In thinking about asset allocation in general, two questions pop up. First, among what kinds of investments should I be allocating my resources?Well, if you read the ads you would think there were hundreds of kinds of investment vehicles – all of them tailored ‘just for you’.

The fact is, you can easily boil down all investment into only six categories:

Cash and cash equivalent, such as money-market funds, treasury bills, current and savings account and short term certificates of deposit.
Fixed-income vehicles, a grouped that includes tax-exempt bonds, corporate bonds, mortgages, and long-term certificates of deposit
Equities, including both domestic and international stocks
Real estate• Natural resources, including oil and gas
Tangibles, such as gold and silver

Obviously there is a wide variation within these categories. Utility stocks / debentures, for instance, may behave at times like fixed income vehicles, because they yield such a steady rate of return. And some short-term, fixed – income vehicles may behave like cash. You must take these variations into account when you are ready to adopt specific investment strategies.

What to allocate

The second question that pops up: what resources should I be allocating among these six investment categories? There are some assets that you definitely want to exclude from your investment portfolio – your personal assets – and some that you definitely want to include – your investment assets.

The exclusions?

A cash reserve is a sure one. You should set aside some funds for emergencies in a secure, very liquid investment vehicle that does not fluctuate in market value. Examples include saving and current accounts.How much should you set aside? That depends. Many financial advisors suggest two or six months’ living expenses. But that advice does not apply to everyone.

You may, for example, be employed by a small company in a volatile industry. If that’s the case, you are more likely to face an extended period of unemployment than your neighbour who works for an established company in a secure industry. Or access to short –term credit such as credit cards may reduce your need fro cash on hand. However how much you eventually decide belongs in you emergency funds and should be excluded from founds you intend to invest.

What other assets to include?

You may want to consider as investment assets some items that you don’t ordinarily think of in this way. Among them:

Insurance policy cash values
IRA OR Keoghs (USA) SSNIT contributions (Ghana)
Company – sponsored 401 K (USA) Provident fund (Ghana) and other savings plans
Other Company defined – benefit plans

You should include these assets in you diversification plan because they are resource on which you will rely in the future and because they may be affected by market forces between now and the time you are ready to use them.

In my next post I will continue with this article and will show the diversification base case.

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Diversification – Balancing Return and Risk

2009-04-25T23:47:00.004Z

In my last few post I have touch on two of the three parts of the basics of asset allocation – risk and return, In this post I cover the third part - Diversification . Diversification will help you see how to balance risks and returns into an intelligent strategy.

No one, alas, can eliminate all risk in investing. But by diversifying, you can at least minimize it. There are two ways to diversify.

Real Estate and Bonds
First, you can partially or completely offset your risk by investing in a number of different areas. Let’s say, for example, that you use some of your investment Ghana cedis or dollars to purchase a small apartment building. At the same time, you buy a high-grade cooperate bond.

Your real-estate investment provides a hedge against inflation. As prices rise, the value of your building rises, too. But its value could fall considerably during a prolonged deflationary period.
The value of your bond however, would respond in exactly the opposite way to either inflation or deflation. Inflation would lower the value of the principal you invested in the bond as well as the value of the interest the bond issuer promises to pay you. The effect of deflation, on the other hand, would be to raise both the price you could get for the bond and the value of the interest payments.
What’s important to note is that any change in the value of your building brought on by inflation or deflation probably will be offset by an opposite change in the value of your bond.

So, neither inflation nor deflation would prove disastrous. And if neither of these economic condition become a serious threat, both you building and your bond will still generate healthy returns. You’re braced against the harsh winds of economic change but positioned to profit in the calm of stability.

The second way of diversifying: spreading you holdings in anyone investment area- especially when buying real estate and common stocks, when you diversify by buying shares in a number of companies, say, or several parcels of real estates, your return is more likely to approach the average for that investment category rather than the return on any single investment.

Now that we’ve covered the basics of asset allocation – risk, return, diversification – its time to see how to balance these elements within an intelligent strategy. That’s what I will be touching on in my next post.

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Types of Risk

2009-04-18T13:59:00.003Z

Investment risk falls into a number of categories. But bear in mind that any one investment can be subject to more than one type of risk.

Inflation Risk
Inflation risk refers to the loss of value in your investment caused by increasing depreciation of the currency. A constant rate of inflation, even if is high, is not risky. When you purchase a long-term bond, for instance, the price of the bond, and therefore its yield, already reflects the current inflation rate.
Rather, it is a rise in the inflation rate that is the source of risk. For example, you buy a long-term bond when inflation is low. If the inflation rate rises, both your bond’s resale value and the value of the interest you receive will decline. After all, the same Ghana Cedi or Dollar is worth less when inflation is high than when it is low.

Deflation Risk
Deflation risk is, not surprisingly, just the opposite of inflation risk. It is the risk that the value of our asset will decline when general prices levels fall during periods of severe recession or depression. Land that you buy during boom times, for instance, may lose value during a serious recession.

Business Risk
Business risk refers to the chance that some event might occur that reduces or destroys a particular investment’s return. For example, you might buy stock in a company that has perfected a pill to cure the common cold. Than a competitor develops a vaccine that prevents cold entirely. Your company’s product becomes obsolete.
Business risk can be more widespread – and more difficult to control. For example, changes in government policy, war, or erratic weather could suddenly wipe out the profits of the cruise ship company whose stock you just bought.

Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the decline in market value that occurs when the interest rate on new, similar investments rises. For example, you buy a five-year corporate bond paying 8 percent interest. The next year rates rise, and the same five-year bond fetches 10 percent interest. The value of your bond declines.

Market Risk
Market risks refer to the chance that an entire financial market may suffer a decline. Say you buy stock or shares in a prosperous company, but the entire stock market falls sharply in value as it did this year (2009) in Ghana, the US, UK and across the world. Your company is still doing well, but investors are wary of stocks and shares in general, so the price of stock or shares you bought drops.

Illiquidity risk
Illiquidity risk refers to the loss you might have if you’re forced to sell an investment before you had panned. Perhaps you have an unexpected medical expense and much sell some real estates in a hurry to raise the cash. You’ll have to take what the market will give you for your property, because you can’t wait for a better price.

The question, now that you know what the different risks are, is what you can do about them. The answer, in a word: diversify! – Diversification will be the focus on my next post

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Risk and Return & Forms of Returns

2009-04-12T20:54:00.006Z

Risk and Return
Risk and Return is one of the fundamental concepts under Asset Allocation. The higher the return you expect you expect on an investment, the higher the risk you much be prepared to take. It is an inescapable investment axiom and truth, as the Tables below illustrates:

ASSET...................................................................AVERAGE RETURNS
Ghana stock exchange...................................................................35.2%
Ghana government treasury bills ...................................................2.79%
Bank savings account .....................................................................6.4%
Source: Ghana Stock Exchange, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana and Bank of Ghana – 2008

ASSET...................................................................AVERAGE RETURNS
US Small-Company Stock............................................................ 13.5%
US government treasury bills .........................................................4.3%
Bank savings account .....................................................................6.4%
Source: www.financialsense.com, www.capitalone.com

Of course, greater risk does not guarantee greater return. If it did, you would always choose high-risk investment. ''After all', you might say, ' the higher-return investment carry more risk, but I'm certain to be well reward – just look at the tables.'

The returns shown on the tables, though, are average returns of assets in those categories. The tables really illustrates the fact that, as the expected average return from an investment rises, the range of possible returns also expands

Now that we have seen how risk and return relate to one another, let's us look at the different kinds of returns.

Forms of Returns
You can expect two types of return from any investment: current income and appreciation.
Current income is the amount of cash an investment generates on a regular basis. Various kinds of investments provide current income. so-called dept instruments – Treasury bills, savings accounts, bonds and similar investments, in which you're really loaning money to the government or to a financial institution – pay interest at regular intervals. This is current income.
Stocks generate current income in the form of dividends. And real-estate investments can produce current income in the form of rent.

Appreciation, on the other hand refers to the increase in the price of an investment from the time you buy it until you sell it. Of course the price doesn't have to rise; it can fall as well. This unfortunate event is known as depreciation (not to be confused with depreciation as the word is used in accounting and taxes).
An investment's from of return – current income and appreciation (or depreciation) – is, as we shall now see, closely related to its degree of risk.

The Relationship of the Form of Return to Risk
Generally, the more an investment depends on current income to generate a return- and the less it depends on appreciation – the less risky it is. In other words, betting on future growth is riskier than collecting dividends and interest as you go.

The reason: you know an investment that pays current income will usually return at the very least, a specific sum at regular interval (barring unforeseen circumstances of course)
So a dividend-paying blue-chip stock is less risky than a non dividend –paying growth stock. A certificate of deposit carries less risk than a zero-coupon corporate bond.

But what, exactly, do we mean by risk? In fact, there are several different kinds of risks and that will be the focus on my next series of posts

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What You Need to Know About Asset Allocation

2009-04-05T19:11:00.007Z

To many people, investing means giving a broker the green light to buy a certain share or stock. But buying share or stock – or any other specific investment vehicle – is really one of the last steps in investing. And – believe it or not- it is among the least important ones.

Before you invest – and long before you think about which product you want to buy- you much decide how to allocate your resources among the different categories of investment.

Why allocate?
Why is allocation so important? Here's the reason. More that 94% of the total return on your investment cedis or dollars is a result of the way you allocate your resources. Only 6% depends on the specific assets you buy.

You can see why asset allocation is the single most important aspect of a successful investment strategy. And asset allocation is really a simple concept. It just refers to the way you divide your investment cedis or dollars among different types of investment vehicles – cash, bonds, shares, real estates and so on.

Before I show you how asset allocation can work for you, I'm going to spend some time explaining the issues involved in assess allocation. I guarantee you, it will be time well spent.

Where Does the Money Go?
Lets' assume that you've managed to accumulate Ghc10,000 or $ 10,000 in savings. Naturally you want to invest it to your best advantage.
So you do your homework. You quiz your friends, your co-workers, your sister-in-law, even the guy you meet on the bus.
They all have advice (as usual) and it comes down to these choices:
· Leave the money in the bank
· Buy shares in a small high-technology or financial company
· Buy shares in a well-known, diversified multinational company
· Buy corporate bond
· Buy government treasury bills
· Invest in real-estate limited partnership
· Buy shares in a mutual fund

So what do you do? One of them? All of them? Some combination? Which combination? If you hesitate before answering, you're on the right track.

The fact is you can't make a sensible choice without more information. And you need to evaluate and consider the following:
· The relationship of risk and return
· The forms of returns
· The relationship of the form of return to risk
· The types of risk
· The need for diversification

My subsequent posts will run through each of these issues.

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What Do You Want? - Setting Financial Goals and Objectives

2009-03-27T05:13:00.006Z

So now you’ve sketched your financial profile - a portrait of how you live today, you know how much you’re worth and you know what cash comes in and what goes out. But what about your goals and objectives?.

Goals are broad forecasts of what you want to achieve. An example ‘I want a comfortable retirement’. Objectives are more specific and tired to a time frame. ‘I want to retire on December 31 2012 with an income of GHc50,000 ($50,000) a year’, for instance.
The big picture
Not surprisingly, it’s easier to figure out what you really want in life if you take one step at a time. So you should paint the big picture – your goals – first. Then you can worry about filling in the details – your objectives – later.

As with every other part of the financial planning process, it’s important to commit your information and ideas to paper. So get out a pad of paper and pencil and write ‘Goals’ across the top of the page. Then jot down your list.
I recommend that you keep this page and all the other elements of your financial plan in a loose – leaf notebook. When it comes time to review your plan in six months or a year, you can easily update the individual parts.

Maybe you have only one goal – to save for retirement. Or maybe you have twenty. You are unique, so the details of what you want are unique as well. But it has been found out that five general goals apply to just about everyone. Here they are:

Goals 1: Protection Against Risk
What you want:
· Establish an emergency fund
· Purchase adequate insurance

Goals 2: Financial Security for Your Family
· What you want:
· Meet all family financial obligations without straining resources.
· Provide for care of all dependants
· Fund family tuition needs
· Aid children in their careers or car or home purchase
· Provide for special needs, such as the care of an elderly person

Goals 3: A Comfortable standard of Living
What you want:
· Travel frequently
· Purchase a new home or make improvements to your existing one
· Buy a vacation house
· Help finance special celebrations, such as weddings
· Entertain your family and friends
· Enjoy cultural events

Goal 4: A Secured And Comfortable Retirement
What you want:
· Keep the same standard of living you had during your working years
· Maintain financial independence during retirement
· Achieve financial security so that you may retire early
· Shield yourself from financial disaster in case of medical emergency

Goal 5: A Well- Planned Estate
What you want:
· Provide for our spouse
· Provide for dependents
· Arrange for the continued management of your assets
· Minimize estate taxes and estate management fees
· Make charitable bequests

Two points to keep in mind: the importance of each of these goals will change as you change and grow. For example, if you’re twenty-five years old, your priority is more likely ‘a comfortable standard of living’ than ‘a well-planned estate’’

And sometime unanticipated changes can make a big difference in your financial plans. For instance, a divorce might necessitate a change in your tax and employee benefits strategies. A new marriage might prompt you to change your will. The birth of a child might cause you to take a hard second look at your insurance and estate planning objectives.

Also the goals I listed, form the core of most financial plans - but they are not the only ones you should include. Your goals are uniquely yours. For instance, one of your goals might involve the lifelong care of a disabled child. In the final analysis, you – and you alone- must decide what you want.

What Next?
You’ve set your goals, now it is time to establish your objectives. Go back to your original list of goals, and construct a chart that looks something like this:

Goals 1: Protection Against Risk
Objectives: Establish an emergency fund
When: Three years from now
Cost: GHc5,000 ($5,000)

Goals 2: A Comfortable Standard of Living
Objectives: Purchase a second home
When: Five years from now
Cost: GHc20,000 ($20,000)

Your list, of course, will be much longer, more detailed, and more specific. Be sure you schedule short-term objectives as well as long-term goals.
Once you set your goals and objectives, your must measure your progress. With short-tem objectives, it’s easy and obvious. For example, you can readily see if you’ve met your objective of accumulating GHc5,000 ($5,000) in emergency cash fund.
It is not so simple to know if you’re on the right part to achieving your long-term goals – planning adequately for a comfortable retirement, as an example. So you must set bench marks along the way.

Remember too, that you should review your list of goals and objectives at regular intervals – at least once a year – and update it as your circumstances change.

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How Do Get what You Get What You want?

2009-03-27T02:00:00.001Z

So far we have dealt with two of the most important and arduous parts of the financial planning process. You’ve learned how to develop your personal financial profile. And you’ve figured out how to set your personal financial goals and objectives.
Now let’s look at different strategies that you can use to achieve the aims you’ve set for yourself. I will start in this post by showing you how to adopt strategies that match your financial profile and your goals and objectives.

Strategic Planning
When you set your objectives, chances are you found yourself focusing on eight key areas. Your objectives related to:
1. Investments
2. Dept management
3. Insurance
4. Tax planning
5. Children’s education and other family matters
6. Company Benefits
7. Retirement
8. Estate planning
My subsequent posts will be touching on strategies to handle these eight key areas.

Dollars and Sense
To see how to get what you want, transform the list you made when establishing your goals and objectives with price tags, timetable, and broad strategies attached to them.
The table below shows you how much GHc1 (1$) invested at certain interest rates can grow over a specified number of years.
Now, here’s what your goal/strategy outline might look like. Remember, the following is only an illustration. It is not meant as model.

Goal 1: Protect Against Risk
Objectives: Establish an emergency fund
When: Three years from now
Cost: GHc5,000 ($5,000)
How: Invest GHc130 ($130) a monthly for thirty-six months at 6%

Goals 2: A Comfortable Standard of Living
Objectives: Purchase a second home
When: Five years from now
Cost: GHc20,000 ($20,000)
How: Invest GHc150 a month for 8 years at 10%

Let me summarise the steps you should take in order to get what you want. First, set goals, next, set your objectives. Finally determine your strategy. And if you discover that the strategy you choose does not work? Go back to the drawing board and sketch out a new one.

Following Through
After you develop your goal/strategy outline, you much implement and follow through on your plan, and you much update it as your life and circumstances change.

What’s critical is writing down a time goal for meeting your entire objective. And, since the same principles apply to every aspect of a financial plan, you should target times for reaching even the shortest-term objectives – buying a new set of jewellery or golf clubs for example. Finally at the end of each year, you should challenge and evaluate your priorities.

Don’t be afraid to modify, expand, contract and change your plans. Update your plan at least every few months for your short-term objective and every year or so for your long-term objectives. I recommend keeping your old plans behind your new ones so you can see how your goals and objectives change over the years.

If you follow these simple rules and concentrate on breaking down the three key financial planning questions – what do I have? What do I want? How do I get what I want? – Into logical, manageable bits, you can achieve your goals.

Keep in mind, too, that you can ask financial planners for help, periodically consult with other professionals, and turn to magazines, newsletter and of course my blog – but remember you are the only one qualified to define and refine your plan.

Email me with any queries or comments.

Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Financial Resources

2009-03-19T16:19:00.005Z

So far we have discussed Your Stage of Life, Your Life-Style , Your Tolerance for Risk, and Your Responsibilities - four of the five steps in building your financial profile. Your Financial Resources is the fifth and last in this process

Your financial resources come down to three broad categories: your net worth, your cash flow and your other resources such as fringe benefits, Social Security and anticipated inheritances.

Adding your net worth is a vital element in creating a solid financial plan. You must know what all your resources are before you can manager them properly. As the saying goes: ‘Even if you know where you are going, a map is of no use if you don’t know where you are standing’.

Figuring your net worth also serves another purpose. It shows you how you’ve allocated your resources. For example, you may have invested most of your resources in various types of bank accounts or personal property – or may have put the bulk of your assets in the stock market.

Unfortunately, many people who after twenty year of graduating from the university can still remember their student’s ID number don’t have the slightest notion of how much they’re worth.

You’ll find a net worth work sheet here so you can add up your assets and liabilities and calculate your bottom line. You can’t grow financially – no matter how high your income – unless you take in more that you spend.

So you next step in evaluating our current financial situation is to look at your cash flow to get a notion of where your money is going.
This information is vital to your financial plan. The idea is to see what flows in and what flows out over and entire year and determine how much money is available to achieve your financial goals.

Get a handle on your cash outlays by keeping a journal or diary of your expenditures for a week or – better still – for a month. You’ll see how daily expenses, such as taxi fares, and soft drinks drain your pocket.

The final step in determining your financial resources is nailing down all those ‘other resources’. This task may involve the cooperation of others – your company human resource department, for example, may help you get a handle on you retirement benefits.

Many people have no idea of the value of their ‘hidden assets.’ Social Security is only one example. You must know ho much you will receive. Other wise, planning is impossible.

I suggest you also read the preceding articles that set the tone for this article:
Building a Firm Foundation

Constructing Your Financial Profile - Your Stage of Life

Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Life-Style

Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Tolerance for Risk

Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Responsibilities

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Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Responsibilities

2009-03-15T21:43:00.012Z

So far we have discussed Your Stage of Life, Your Life-Style and Your Tolerance for Risk, the first three of five steps in building your financial profile. Your Responsibilities is the fourth step in this process.

If you’re like most people, you have responsibilities- children, perhaps, who look to you for support, or elderly parents who require financial help.

But everyone defines responsibilities differently. For example, do you consider it your responsibility to supplement your parents’ retirement income? Do you think you owe it to your children to help them buy their first car?

When it comes time to develop your financial profile you must take your responsibilities – as you defined them – into account. They influence how you spend, save and invest.

Here’s an example. Let’s say you are married, the father of two teenagers and in your view, it is your responsibility to foot the entire bill for your children’s education. Lets assume that a friend a friend approaches your to invest in his small business. The contribution required of you is Hc50,000 ($50,000).

You refuse to enter into the business, because you can’t afford to invest in anything that’s less than 100% secure. Why? You want to use the GHc50,000 ($50,000) for your children’s University education. And if you lose any part of that money, you’re in trouble.

To assess how best to meet your responsibilities, you must examine your financial resources – both present and future.
I suggest you also read the preceding articles that set the tone for this article:

Building a Firm Foundation
Constructing Your Financial Profile - Your Stage of Life
Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Life-Style
Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Tolerance for Risk

Email me with any queries or comments.

Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Tolerance for Risk

2009-03-13T10:17:00.008Z

So far we have discussed Your Stage of Life and Your Life-Style the first two of five steps in building your financial profile. Your Tolerance for Risk is the third step in this process.

You must ask yourself tow questions when it comes to assessing your tolerance for risk: Do you HAVE any money to risk? If you do, what promised rate of return would it take for you to risk it? The first is a question of resources; the second a question of attitude.

To some extent, of course, it really doesn’t matter if you’re the type to stake all on a spin of wheel – or inclined to tuck your money under the mattress. What is vital though is accurately assessing how much you can afford to loose – the resource side of the risk coin.

If you can afford to lose all or part of the amount you invest without undue hardship, the odds that your investment will pay off are vitally important.

If you can’t afford to lose your investment, the odds are irrelevant, because you can’t make the investment no matter how great the potential payoff.

Let’s say you have the opportunity to invest GHc1,000 (or $1,000). And you stand a chance of making GHc10,000 (or $10,000) or losing the entire amount you invested. You go ahead with the deal. You like the possibility of earning a 1000% returns on your investment and you can afford to lose your GHc1,000 (or $1,000) stake.

But suppose the same opportunity required a minimum investment of GHc100,000 (or $100,000).And you could make GHc1million (or $1million) or lose your entire investment. Although the odds are identical (i.e. 1000% interest rate) and you would like the chance to earn GHc1million (or $1million), you let the opportunity pass. Why, the reason is simply: You can’t afford to loss the GHc100, 000 (or $100,000).

Once you analyze your resources and figure out what you can afford to lose, your attitude comes into play. And be advised: if you think you are a risk taker, you could be in for a surprise.

Researchers have found that the risks people take with their money differ from the chances they take in other areas of their lives. There are skydiving enthusiasts, who invest sorely in well established and reliable shares and kindergarten teachers who regularly trade in shares of newly established companies with no magnificent history.

Some risk takers who say they wouldn’t hesitate to put money into a new business that could fail – as long as the possible return was high are the same people who steer clear of investing in ‘safe’ shares – those with steady returns but little potential for appreciation.

Here are a few differences between high-risk takers and the risk averse:

Risk takers are better money managers.

Risk takers spend more time reading about money and investments.

Risk takers have confidence in their money-making schemes.

Risk takers have leadership abilities

Risk takers are good sales people.

Its been proven that when it comes to risk taking, stereotypes don’t hold water. Women, for instance are no more risk averse than men

But people are less likely to take risks with their money as they grow older. The simple reason: Their fear of loss is greater than their hope of gain. In other words, it is not the returns on the money that matters but the return OF the money.

Like Life-style choices, there are no absolute rights and wrongs when it comes to attitudes about risk. The important point to remember: Know your own tolerance and make financial decisions accordingly.

Email me with any queries or comments.

Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Life-Style

2009-03-08T01:26:00.008Z

In the previous article we discussed the first of five steps in building your financial profile i.e. Constructing Your Financial Profile - Your Stage of Life. In this article we will consider second step in constructing your financial profile.

One significant aspect your life-style is your career choice. When you select a career, you lock in, to some extent, your earnings potential.
For instance, if you opt for a career as a librarian or teacher, you’re unlikely ever to earn a six-figure income. By contrast, if you work in investment banking or sales, chance are good that you’ll become a high earner.

Or maybe you are one of those people who are willing to make less money in exchange for more leisure time. Their decision also is a life-style choice.
Your spending and saving habits are another aspect of your life-style that will significantly affect your financial planning decisions. Are you, for instance, oriented towards immediate or deferred gratification? Are you more concerned about living for today of planning for the future?

We all differ on how we view finances. And frequently these differences crop up within family. In fact, surveys have consistently shown that money is number one on the list of items married couples ague about.
Usually, our disagreements focus on trade-offs. With a limited amount of resources, do we save or spend- and what do we spend our money on?

Our decisions usually boil down to personal preferences. What’s more important? A nicer car or a better home? A vacation house or an exotic vacation?
These decisions also involve confidence – or lack of confidence – in the future. Can you spend more than you earn today because you know that as some later point you will earn more than you spend?

Life-style decisions by their very nature are personal. They are no absolute rights and wrongs. Whether you choose to spend your money on entertainment or clothes is your business. Again, the important point: You should know yourself and not try to fit into someone else’s mould.

I suggest you also read the preceding articles that set the tone for this article:
Financial Planning - Part 1
Constructing Your Financial Profile - Your Stage of Life

Email me with any queries or comments.

Financial Planning - Part 1

2009-03-03T23:08:00.018Z

The Good Life

Building a Firm Foundation
Why, you may ask, do you need a financial plan at all? The answer is quite simple. There is only one sure way to achieve financial security: you must identify your goals, then adopt strategies to meet them.

True, if you’re like most people you seem to get by from year to year without a financial plan. You collect your salary, pay your bills, and keep yourself and your family housed, clothed and fed. But what happens if a financial crisis occurs, you may find yourself lacking the funds of insurance to cover mounting bills.

If you talk to people who are most comfortable in their lives – the people who have achieved financial security - you will find they took an organised approach to financial management early on. Some did the work themselves. Others hired competent advisers to help them. But, somehow, they made sure the job was done.

The bottom line to financial security: you can get what you want only with an organised financial plan and the discipline to make it work. And the best time to start planning is now.

The Importance of Organisation
Why do most people fail to achieve lifetime financial security? Lack of financial goals is one reason. Ignorance of the tax law and poor investment strategies are others. But the chief culprit is lack of organisation. Organisation is critical to sound financial planning.

Organising your finances provides and exceptional measure of security. It protects you from surprises, and it also places your finances – both current and future – under a ‘master control’ programme that gives you a system of checks and balances. The system provides security when the unexpected occurs. Ant it even allows you to indulge yourself occasionally.

Then too, an organised plan can save you and your family from financial disaster. It helps you establish a pattern of spending, saving and investing that ensures financial stability now and growth for the future. Above all though, an organised plan builds financial independence. And financial independence equals financial peace of mind.

My Approach
The wrong way to begin the financial planning process is by making investments. It is far more valuable first to develop a financial profile of yourself, then to match appropriate strategies to your specific needs.

My approach to financial planning is built on answers to three deceptively simple questions:
• What do you have?
• What do your want?
• How do you get what you want?

Answer these questions in as much details as possible, and you’ll create a flexible, workable and successful financial plan. Repeat the exercise in a year or two or when your circumstances change, and you’ll update your plan.
The job is not as easy as it sounds. To answer these questions in a way that is truly helpful to you requires considerable effort. But the results are worth it. In the next series of articles, I will provide you with the information you need to answer these key questions. First, though, let’s look a little more closely at the question themselves.

What Do You Have?
Step one is the financial planning process is to determine what you have. And that involves developing your personal financial profile. Your profile is a composition of you stage of life, lifestyle, tolerance for risk, responsibilities and financial resources.

I will provide you with the tools you need to construct your personal profile in a separate article. For example, you’ll learn that stage of life is the sum of your age and circumstances – married, single, supporting children, not supporting children, and so on.

And you will see that life-style is about choices – your career choice, say, and how you choose to spend and save.
You will also learn about how to evaluate your responsibilities- elderly parents, perhaps, or other relatives who require financial assistance – and weigh your tolerance for risk. Can you afford to take risks with your money? And, if you can, what risks are you willing to take?

Your financial resources are simply what you have in Cedis and Pesewas or Dollars and Cents. How much do you have in your current and savings account? What is your cash flow – the amount that comes in and goes our each month? How much is tired up in retirement funds? Do you own a car? A boat? Is your house furnished with antiques? What about art on your walls?

The fact is; you can’t make informed financial decisions without first evaluating your financial health. In my next article I will show you how.

What Do You Want?
If you don’t know where you are going, you will probably end up somewhere else. Perhaps the most valuable aspect of a personal financial plan is that it forces you to state your financial objectives in Cedis or Dollars and milestones. What do you want and when can you get it?

In subsequent articles, you will learn in detail how to set financial goals that take into account your unique circumstance and aspirations.

How Do You Get What You Want?
Once you know what you have and what you want, you’re ready to develop comprehensive strategies for every aspect of your financial life. These strategies much be flexible enough to respond to changes in your personal and financial fortunes.

Your financial plan also much include a blueprint for implementing these strategies – a blue print that lets you know when and how to act. Later articles will help you develop flexible strategies for getting what you want. And they will show you how to direct your financial resources to reach your goals.

Email me with any queries or comments.

Constructing Your Financial Profile - Your Stage of Life

2009-03-03T22:18:00.003Z

This article is the continuation of the earlier post 'Financial Planning - Part 1'

When you sit down with a professional financial planner, the first thing he or she does is construct your personal financial profile. You should begin there, too.

A financial profile is a snapshot of your life as you live it day by day. And it is the cornerstone of your personal financial plan.

Your financial profile is more that just your income and net worth - although income and net worth are certainly part of the picture. Rather your profile is a composition of your stage of life, life-style, tolerance for risk, responsibilities, and financial resources. In this article, we’ll start stage of life and how it affects your financial planning.

Your Stage of Life

Evaluating your stage of life is the first step in building your financial profile. What we mean by 'stage of life’ is simply your age and circumstances - general sense of where you are today.

Why is this information so important? Knowing where you stand helps you set your financial priorities.

Say you are thirty years old, single and with bright career prospects. You obliviously have different goals and needs than a retired person of seventy.

Here's one simple way of looking at your stage of life: Are you accumulating assets or disposing of them?

If you are in the accumulation stage, you are building wealth. But if you are in the disposition stage, you are building wealth. But if you are in the disposition stage, you are consuming your assets. Typically, you remain in the accumulation stage until retirement, and then shift to the disposition stage.

Another way of categorizing stage of life is by decade. In our twenties, most of us begin our career and possibly, a family. By our thirties, we may be advancing in our careers and raising your children. In our forties, we’re probably earning – and spending – more money and beginning to pay for college education for our children.

During our fifties, most of us cease contemplating career changes, and our earnings peak. We think seriously about retirement. And, if we have children, they are becoming more self-sufficient.

What about the sixties? This is typically the bridge to retirement. Estate planning becomes more impotent to us, and our grandchildren may be a priority. By our seventies, the majority of us are retired, and one focus of our financial planning may be making gifts to our families.

Naturally, theses patterns don’t apply to everyone. Far from it. You may, for example, be a late boomer – someone who did not start a career until your thirties. Or you may have retired very early – in your middle forties, to say.

More over, the circumstances of people’s lives today are almost infinitely varied.

Here are some typical categories into which you may fall:

Single
Married with no children
Married with children
Single with children
Living with a significant other – with or without children
Divorced with children
Divorced without children
Divorced and remarried with stepchildren
Divorced and remarried without children
Widowed

As you see, the list can go on and on. And each of these categories requires different approaches to financial planning. What is important: assessing our own stage of life and circumstances and tailoring our financial plan to meet them. The next article looks at the second of the five tools needed to construct your personal profile – Your Life Style

You can also read the preceding article that set the tone for this article 'Financial Planning - Part 1'

Email me with any queries or comments.

A question from a reader

2009-02-26T11:56:00.005Z

After I had posted 101-what-is-investing (http://albertopoku.blogspot.com/2009/02/investing-101-what-is-investing.html) on the blog, I received this email from a reader which I will like to share with you.

Nihad Swallah
23 February at 18:37
I do not know whether to consider it magical or sheer coincidence that you have submitted this educative piece. For me, it has been a long awaited moment that has come to reality i have a question. After investing my initial capital, do i have to continue adding up money every month? what happens if i do not do that. Again, do i have to specify to my bankers that I need the compounding type of account? And finally, which is better, mutual fund or Money market fund?. Thank you so very much in advance and have a fruitful day.

Albert Opoku
23 February at 23:40
i am happy you are thinking about investing your money and making sure it works for you. i will recommend you speak with your bankers, ask for the various types of investments they have , especially on the interest rate per annum, the lock time period i.e for how long you cant' touch the money, the minimum you need to invest in each type of investment and the charges if you wanted your money before the end of the agreed period - i.e before the maturity date.

As to the compounding bit, it all depends on you, most financial institutions provide what is called a roll over option, which means at the end of the specified period they will reinvest your initial capital as well as the interest. if you go for the roll over option, you will be compounding your money.

The main investments most banks have are usually, CDs(Certificate of Deposits), Fixed Deposits, Savings (there may be different types of savings based on the minimum amount required) and T- bills (Treasure Bills - T Bills are sold by banks on behalf of the government ) as well as Bonds (this could be either private, corporate or government bonds)

It is worth noting that the rate offered for most of the Bank's own investment vehicles are usually less than that of the T-Bill rate.

Mutual funds invest in shares on the stock exchange, there are a number of Mutual funds in Ghana, Epack (by Databank) , Horizon Fund (by NTHC), Campus Fund (by a group or former Mensah Sarbah Hall students), Anidaso Fund, Gold Fund ( By Gold Coast Securities). It would be good to talk with at least three of theses, ask them which shares they invest in, which counties they invest in, what has been their performance over the last five years. Remember that Mutual Funds are long term investment vehicles as such it is not recommended if you wish to invest for the short time (below three/five years)

Money Market Funds invest in short term investments such as CDs,T-bills and short term Bonds. The main one in Ghana is the Mfund by Databank.Short term is usually for a year or less.

Databank also has the Bfund (Balance Fund) which is a mixture of Mutual fund and Money Market fund. So this is for a medium term investment - usually between one and three years.

Another investment is Unit Trust (they also invest in shares but the difference between Unit Trust and Mutual funds is in the technical calculations and the philosophy of investing). The main one in Ghana is the HFC Unit Trust by HFC Bank.

Another is the REIT Funds - this is a fund that invest in Real Estates. The main one in Ghana is the HFC REIT Fund.

I hope this information helps you to get started. Would you mind me posing your question on my blog as well as the answer?

Nihad Swallah 24 February at 04:40 Thanks a million, this has been informing. Go ahead and post the question, i do not mind at all.

Email me with any queries or comments.

Investing 101: Conclusion - Part 7

2009-02-25T23:19:00.006Z

I 've introduced many topics in this tutorial:

* Investing is about making your money work for you.
* Reinvesting your earnings allows you to take advantage of compounding.
* Each investor is different in his or her objectives and risk tolerance.
* There isn't just one strategy that can be used to invest successfully.
* Each investment vehicle has its own unique characteristics.
* Diversifying investments in a portfolio helps to manage risk.

Together, all these points make up a foundation of knowledge with which any investor should be comfortable. However, these concepts mean nothing unless you can put them into practice.Please remember the above points are not meant to give you personal advice. I've already talked about how there is no one-size-fits-all approach.

There are plenty of ways to lose money, whether in speculative investments or through excessive fees in mutual funds. On the other hand, it's possible to be too risk averse. If you put your savings under a mattress, we guarantee it's not going to increase in value.

There are many other alternatives out there. I strongly encourage you to explore them and see what works for you. But, for the average investor, the smart route includes saving regularly, keeping investment expenses down and being in the market for the long term. Whatever you do, keep the principles we've discussed in mind, and never stop trying to learn more.

You can read more at http://www.investopedia.com/university/beginner/

Email me with any queries or comments.

Investing 101: Portfolio&Diversification - Part 6

2009-02-25T22:05:00.014Z

It's good to clarify how securities are different from each other, but it's even more important to understand how their different characteristics can work together to accomplish an objective.

The Portfolio
A portfolio is a combination of different investment assets mixed and matched for the purpose of achieving an investor's goal(s). Items that are considered a part of your portfolio can include any asset you own - from real items such as art and real estate, to equities, fixed-income instruments and their cash and equivalents. For the purpose of this section, I will focus on the most liquid asset types: equities, fixed-income securities and cash and equivalents. An easy way to think of a portfolio is to imagine a pie chart, whose portions each represent a type of vehicle to which you have allocated a certain portion of your whole investment. The asset mix you choose according to your aims and strategy will determine the risk and expected return of your portfolio.

Basic Types of Portfolios
In general, aggressive investment strategies - those that shoot for the highest possible return - are most appropriate for investors who, for the sake of this potential high return, have a high risk tolerance (can stomach wide fluctuations in value) and a longer time horizon. Aggressive portfolios generally have a higher investment in equities.

The conservative investment strategies, which put safety at a high priority, are most appropriate for investors who are risk averse and have a shorter time horizon. Conservative portfolios will generally consist mainly of cash and cash equivalents, or high-quality fixed-income instruments. To demonstrate the types of allocations that are suitable for these strategies, we'll look at samples of both a conservative and a moderately aggressive portfolio.

Note that the terms cash and the money market refer to any short-term, fixed-income investment. Money in a savings account and a certificate of deposit (CD), which pays a bit higher interest, are examples. The main goal of a conservative portfolio strategy is to maintain the real value of the portfolio, or to protect the value of the portfolio against inflation.

The portfolio (picture on the top right) you see would yield a high amount of current income from the bonds and would also yield long-term capital growth potential from the investment in high quality equities.

The moderately aggressive portfolio (picture on the top left) is meant for individuals with a longer time horizon and an average risk tolerance. Investors who find these types of portfolios attractive are seeking to balance the amount of risk and return contained within the fund. The portfolio would consist of approximately 50-55% equities, 35-40% bonds, 5-10% cash and equivalents.

You can further break down the above asset classes into subclasses, which also have different risks and potential returns. For example, an investor might divide the equity portion between large companies, small companies and international firms. The bond portion might be allocated between those that are short-term and long-term, government versus corporate debt, and so forth. More advanced investors might also have some of the alternative assets such as options and futures in the mix. As you can see, the number of possible asset allocations is practically unlimited.

Why Portfolios?
It all centers around diversification. Different securities perform differently at any point in time, so with a mix of asset types, your entire portfolio does not suffer the impact of a decline of any one security. When your stocks go down, you may still have the stability of the bonds in your portfolio.

There have been all sorts of academic studies and formulas that demonstrate why diversification is important, but it's really just the simple practice of "not putting all your eggs in one basket." If you spread your investments across various types of assets and markets, you'll reduce the risk of catastrophic financial losses.

Email me with any queries or comments.

Investing 101: Contradictions - Part 5

2009-02-24T01:47:00.011Z

An important fact about investing is that there are no indisputable laws, nor is there one correct way to go about it. Furthermore, within the vast array of different investing styles and strategies, two opposite approaches may both be successful at the same time.

One explanation for the appearance of contradictions in investing is that economics and finance are social (or soft) sciences. In a hard science, like physics or chemistry, there are precise measurements and well-defined laws that can be replicated and demonstrated time and time again in experiments. In a social science, it's impossible to "prove" anything. People can develop theories and models of how the economy works, but they can't put an economy into a lab and perform experiments on it.

In fact, humans, the main subject of the study of the social sciences are unreliable and unpredictable by nature. Just as it is difficult for a psychologist to predict with 100% certainty how a single human mind will react to a particular circumstance, it is difficult for a financial analyst to predict with 100% certainty how the market (a large group of humans) will react to certain news about a company. Humans are emotional, and as much as we'd like to think we are rational, much of the time our actions prove otherwise.

Economists, academics, research analysts, fund managers and individual investors often have different and even conflicting theories about why the market works the way it does. Keep in mind that these theories are really nothing more than opinions. Some opinions might be better thought out than others, but at the end of the day, they are still just opinions.

Take the following example of how contradictions play out in the markets:

Kofi believes that the key to investing is to buy small companies that are poised to grow at extremely high rates. Kofi is therefore always watching for the newest and ambitious financial companies, which are just making some profits. Kofi doesn't mind because these companies have huge potential.

Akua isn't ready to go spending her hard-earned dollars on what she sees as an unproven concept. She likes to see firms that have a solid track record and she believes that the key to investing is to buy good companies that are selling at "cheap" prices. The ideal investment for Akua is a mature company that pays out a large dividend, which she feels has high-quality management that will continue to deliver excellent returns to shareholders year after year.

So, which investor is superior?

The answer is neither. Kofi and Akua have totally different investing strategies, but there is no reason why they can't both be successful. There are plenty of stable companies out there for Akua, just as there are always entrepreneurs creating new companies that would attract Kofi. The approaches I described here are those of the two most common investing strategies. In investing lingo, Kofi is a growth investor and Akau is a value investor.

Although these theories appear to contradict one another, each strategy has its merits and may have aspects that are suitable for certain investors. Your goal is to be informed enough to understand and analyze what you hear. Then you can decide which theories fit with your investing personality.

Email me with any queries or comments.

Investing 101: Knowing Yourself - Part 4

2009-02-24T00:49:00.017Z

Success depends on ensuring that your investment strategy fits your personal characteristics.Even though all investors are trying to make money, each one comes from a diverse background and has different needs. It follows that specific investing vehicles and methods are suitable for certain types of investors. Although there are many factors that determine which path is optimal for an investor, i'll look at three main categories: investment objectives, and investing personality.

Investment Objectives Generally speaking, investors have a few factors to consider when looking for the right place to park their money. Safety of capital, current income and capital appreciation are factors that should influence an investment decision and will depend on a person's age, stage/position in life and personal circumstances. A 75-year-old widow living off of her retirement portfolio is far more interested in preserving the value of investments than a 30-year-old business executive would be.

Because the widow needs income from her investments to survive, she cannot risk losing her investment. The young executive, on the other hand, has time on his or her side. As investment income isn't currently paying the bills, the executive can afford to be more aggressive in his or her investing strategies. An investor's financial position will also affect his or her objectives.

A multi-millionaire is obviously going to have much different goals than a newly married couple just starting out. For example, the millionaire, in an effort to increase his profit for the year, might have no problem putting down $100,000 in a speculative real estate investment. To him, a hundred grand is a small percentage of his overall worth. Meanwhile, the couple is concentrating on saving up for a family car and can't afford to risk losing their money in a speculative venture. Regardless of the potential returns of a risky investment, speculation is just not appropriate for the young couple. As a general rule, the shorter your time horizon, the more conservative you should be.

For instance, if you are investing primarily for retirement and you are still in your 20s, you still have plenty of time to make up for any losses you might incur along the way. At the same time, if you start when you are young, you don't have to put huge chunks of your paycheck away every month because you have the power of compounding on your side. On the other hand, if you are about to retire, it is very important that you either safeguard or increase the money you have accumulated. Because you will soon be accessing your investments, you don't want to expose all of your money to volatility - you don't want to risk losing your investment money in a market slump right before you need to start accessing your assets.

Personality
What's your style? Do you love fast cars, extreme sports and the thrill of a risk? Or do you prefer reading in your hammock while enjoying the calmness, stability and safety of your backyard? Peter Lynch, one of the greatest investors of all time, has said that the "key organ for investing is the stomach, not the brain". In other words, you need to know how much volatility you can stand to see in your investments. Figuring this out for yourself is far from an exact science; but there is some truth to an old investing maxim: you've taken on too much risk when you can't sleep at night because you are worrying about your investments.

Another personality trait that will determine your investing path is your desire to research investments. Some people love nothing more than digging into financial statements and crunching numbers. To others, the terms balance sheet, income statement and stock analysis sound like a Ghanaian trying to read Greek. Others just might not have the time to plow through prospectuses and financial statements.

Putting It All Together: Your Risk Tolerance
By now it is probably clear to you that the main thing determining what works best for an investor is his or her capacity to take on risk. I've mentioned some core factors that determine risk tolerance, but remember that every individual's situation is different and that what I've mentioned is far from a comprehensive list of the ways in which investors differ from one another.

The important point of this section is that an investment is not the same to all people. Keep this at the back of your mind for upcoming sections of this tutorial.

Email me with any queries or comments.

Investing 101: Compounding - Part 3

2009-02-22T17:57:00.023Z

The wonder of compounding (sometimes called "compound interest") transforms your working money into a state-of-the-art, highly powerful income-generating tool. Compounding is the process of generating earnings on an asset's reinvested earnings. To work, it requires two things: the re-investment of earnings and time. The more time you give your investments, the more you are able to accelerate the income potential of your original investment, which takes the pressure off of you.

Let us make a hypothetical situation about two individuals; Kofi and Ama. They were both 24 years old, and have just completed university. Kofi is a very cautious person. He does not want to start investing until he is ready. When he graduates from university, he made plans. He would learn about investment for several years and then start putting money aside after he is comfortable with investing. Kofi is also a fairly hard-working person. He would keep saving from the moment he invests until the moment he retires at age 65. As it turns out, Kofi finally take the plunge in investing at age 30; 6 years after he graduated. He diligently put $1,200, is aside a year ($100 each month) out of his meagre salary to invest. He continues doing this for 35 years until he reaches 65. Through ups and downs, Kofi manage to make a 10% return compounded annually.

Let's now consider Ama. Ama like Kofi is also a cautious person. But she is knowledgeable as well. She knows that investing in risk-free treasury bills could yield her 10% annual compounding return if history is any guide. So, fresh off university, Ama started putting money aside for investing. She invests $1,200 a year ($100 each month) just like Kofi out of her meagre salary. However, after reaching the age of 32, she decides that she wants to enjoy life quite a bit. She stops contributing her $1,200 is but rather uses it to fund her annual old school reunion party at her home.

Which one do you think would come ahead? Kofi who pours his whole heart into investing for 35 years and never stop saving until he retires at 65 years? Or Ama who invests immediately after school for 8 years into treasury bills and stops contributing after she is 32 years old?

Ready for the answer?
Wow! Ama who saves for a mere 8 years, manages to beat Kofi who set money aside each year for 35 years. What is happening here? Compounding is clearly working its magic here. By starting early, Ama has a huge head start of 6 years and she let compounding do its magic later on.

You think you can start saving now?
The message is clear. Start now and save as much as you can early. Are you a lazy person? I am. So, start early and you only have to invest for 8 years to get to the same result as your friend who start 6 years later and saves for 35 years. The faster you start, the better it is. The higher the amount you save early on, the more money you will have when you retire.

When you invest, always keep in mind that compounding amplifies the growth of your working money. Just like investing maximizes your earning potential, compounding maximizes the earning potential of your investments - but remember, because time and reinvesting make compounding work, you must keep your hands off the principal and earned interest.

Investing 101: What Is Investing - Part 2

2009-02-22T17:35:00.012Z

Investing (n-vsting) The act of committing money or capital to an endeavor with the expectation of obtaining an additional income or profit. It's actually pretty simple: investing means putting your money to work for you. Essentially, it's a different way to think about how to make money. Growing up, most of us were taught that you can earn an income only by getting a job and working. And that's exactly what most of us do.

There's one big problem with this: if you want more money, you have to work more hours. However, there is a limit to how many hours a day we can work, not to mention the fact that having a bunch of money is no fun if we don't have the leisure time to enjoy it. You can't create a duplicate of yourself to increase your working time, so instead, you need to send an extension of yourself - your money - to work. That way, while you are putting in hours for your employer, or even mowing your lawn, sleeping, reading the paper or socializing with friends, you can also be earning money elsewhere.

Quite simply, making your money work for you maximizes your earning potential whether or not you receive a raise, decide to work overtime or look for a higher-paying job. There are many different ways you can go about making an investment. This includes putting money into stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or real estate (among many other things), or starting your own business. Sometimes people refer to these options as "investment vehicles," which is just another way of saying "a way to invest." Each of these vehicles has positives and negatives, which i'll discuss in a later post.

The point is that it doesn't matter which method you choose for investing your money, the goal is always to put your money to work so it earns you an additional profit. Even though this is a simple idea, it's the most important concept for you to understand.

What Investing Is Not
Investing is not gambling. Gambling is putting money at risk by betting on an uncertain outcome with the hope that you might win money. Part of the confusion between investing and gambling, however, may come from the way some people use investment vehicles. For example, it could be argued that buying a stock based on a "hot tip" you heard at the water cooler is essentially the same as placing a bet at a casino. True investing doesn't happen without some action on your part. A "real" investor does not simply throw his or her money at any random investment; he or she performs thorough analysis and commits capital only when there is a reasonable expectation of profit. Yes, there still is risk, and there are no guarantees, but investing is more than simply hoping that things will turn out well.

Why Bother Investing?
Obviously, everybody wants more money. It's pretty easy to understand that people invest because they want to increase their personal freedom, sense of security and ability to afford the things they want in life. However, investing is becoming more of a necessity. The days when everyone worked the same job for 30 years and then retired to a nice fat pension are gone. For average people, investing is not so much a helpful tool as the only way they can retire and maintain their present lifestyle. Whether you live in Ghana, the U.S., Canada, the UK or pretty much any other country in the world, governments are tightening their belts.

Almost without exception, the responsibility of planning for retirement is shifting away from the state and towards the individual. There is much debate over how safe our old-age pension programs will be over the next 20, 30 and 50 years. But why leave it to chance? By planning ahead you can ensure financial stability during your retirement. Now that you have a general idea of what investing is and why you should do it, it's time to learn about how investing lets you take advantage of one of the miracles of mathematics: compound interest.

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Investing 101: Introduction - Part 1

2009-02-21T21:43:00.011Z

Have you ever wondered how the rich got their wealth and then kept it growing? Do you dream of retiring early (or of being able to retire at all)? Do you know that you should invest, but don't know where to start?

If you answered "yes" to any of the above questions, you've come to the right place. In this tutorial we will cover the practice of investing from the ground up. The world of finance can be extremely intimidating, but we firmly believe that the stock market and greater financial world won't seem so complicated once you learn some of the lingo and major concepts.

We should emphasize, however, that investing isn't a get-rich-quick scheme. Taking control of your personal finances will take work, and, yes, there will be a learning curve. But the rewards will far outweigh the required effort. Contrary to popular belief, you don't have to allow banks, bosses or investment professionals to push your money in directions that you don't understand. After all, no one is in a better position than you are to know what is best for you and your money.

Regardless of your personality type, lifestyle or interests, this tutorial will help you to understand what investing is, what it means and how time earns money through compounding. But it doesn't stop there. This tutorial will also teach you about the building blocks of the investing world and the markets, give you some insight into techniques and strategies and help you think about which investing strategies suit you best. So do yourself a lifelong favor and keep reading. Each day,over the next seven days, i will be writing a series of articles on the following:

1) Investing 101: What Is Investing?
2) Investing 101: The Concept Of Compounding
3) Investing 101: Knowing Yourself
4) Investing 101: Preparing For Contradictions
5) Investing 101: Types Of Investments
6) Investing 101: Portfolios And Diversification
7) Investing 101: Conclusion

Email me for the complete series

The Five Laws of Gold (Money)

2009-02-19T23:29:00.008Z

"Money is plentiful for those who understand the simple laws that govern its acquisition." -- George S Clason

In these harsh economic times, there are many people who believe that it's almost
impossible for them to get ahead financially.In fact, most people fail to recognise that it's not really their lack of money that's keeping them broke, it's their lack of financial literacy that's holding them back.

So where can you obtain an education on financial literacy?

One perennial favourite in the financial literacy library is George S. Clason's masterpiece The Richest Man In Babylon. This book has been hailed as the "greatest of all inspirational works on the subject of thrift, financial planning and personal wealth."
Let's look at what Clason has to say about wealth creation in the chapter The Five Laws of Gold:

Law #1: Gold cometh gladly and in increasing quantity to any man who will put by not less than one-tenth of his earnings to create an estate for his future and that of his family.

Here we see the concepts of 'pay yourself first' and 'save one-tenth of what you earn' reinforced. This law explains that you don't need a shortcut to wealth, because steady and consistent savings will earn enough interest over time to create a sizeable estate.

Law #2: Gold laboreth diligently and contentedly for the wise owner who finds for it profitable employment, multiplying even as the flocks of the field.

The law could be simply stated as "cash is king". Your money will work hard for you when you take advantage of prudent opportunities to put it to good use. Clason emphasises that the owner must be wise in seeking avenues to invest this money.

Law #3: Gold clingeth to the protection of the cautious owner who invests it under the advice of men wise in its handling.
Clason takes his investing lesson a step further by advising you to seek proper financial advice. The old adage "a fool and his money are soon parted" comes to mind as he declares that the careless owner of gold will lose it.

Law #4: Gold slippeth away from the man who invests it in businesses or purposes with which he is not familiar or which are not approved by those skilled in its keep.

Stick to the areas in which you have some experience or talent, and don't try to make your fortune where you lack knowledge. As Clason says, "The inexperienced owner of gold who invests it in businesses with which he is not familiar, too often finds his judgment imperfect, and pays with his treasure for his inexperience."

Law #5: Gold flees the man who would force it to impossible earnings or who followeth the alluring advice of tricksters and schemers or who trusts it to his own inexperience and romantic desires in investment.

It seems that the lure of get-rich-quick schemes will always be with us, and the end result will unfortunately always be the same.

Clason points out that these laws of gold are not hidden secrets, but "truths which every man must first learn and then follow." Will you take heed and abide by his advice?

Email me with any queries or comments.

31 Inspirational Quotes

2009-02-17T21:41:00.014Z

Quotes are powerful inspirational tools, a quote could make a big difference to your day. Here are 31 of my favoriate quotes to insipire you each day for a month. Email me If you need more and i will send you 200 of my great quotes to inspire you.

Wealth is when small efforts produce big results; Poverty is when big efforts produce small results

the greatest mathematical discovery of all times compound interest- Albert Einstein

fear begins to melt when you take action toward a goal you really want – RGA

the only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary – Vidal Sassoon

Baron de Rothschild was once asked to name the Seven Wonders of the World. He replied, ‘I can not, but I know that the eighth wonder of the world is compound interest’

How did a fool and his money get together in the first place?

maturity begins on the day we accept responsibility for our own actions

Money is like manure. You have to spread it around or it smells. J. Paul Getty

The way to wealth, if you desire it, is as plain as the way to market. It depends chiefly on two words, industry and frugality; that is - waste neither time nor money, but make the best use of both – Benjamin Franklin

all progress is based upon a universal innate desire of every organism to live beyond its income- Edmund Burke

things turn out best for the people who make the best of the way things turn out – T Y Boyd

if money talks, I need a hearing aid – Joe L. Whitley

money saved is as good as money gained – Danish Proverbs

Sow a thought, reap an act. Sow an act, reap a habit. Sow a habit, reap a character. Sow a character, reap an eternal destiny. David O. McKay

The secret to financial success is to spend what you have left over after saving, instead of saving what is left after spending.

I think it is a man’s duty to make all the money he can, to keep all that he can, and give away all that he can – John D. Rockefeller

Ben Franklin may have discovered electricity – but it was the man who invented the meter who made the money. Earl Warren

if your product, service or information inst distinguishably, excellent or unique it will eventually become a casualty of competition

you miss 100% of the shots you never take – Wayne Gretzky

live within your income even if you have to borrow to do it – Josh Billings

I count him braver who overcomes his desires, than him who conquers his enemies, for the hardest victory is the victory of over self – Aristotle

80% of success is showing up

Behold the turtle. He makes progress only when the sticks his neck out. – James Bryant Conant

You want to create an income that flows to your whether or not you get up this morning – Albert Opoku

we are the opening verse of the opening page of the chapter of endless possibilities – Rudyard Kipling

if you give people light they will find their own way – Dante

the best way to predict the future is to create it – Alan Kay

buy right and hold tight – John C. Bogle

Those who understand compound interest are destined to collect it. Those who don’t are doomed to pay it – Tom and David Garneer, The Motley fools

Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity is a greater. William Hazlitt

if you think nobody cares about you, try missing a couple of loan payment

Earn money using Yahoo search

2009-02-08T13:42:00.007Z

If you spend a lot of time on the Internet like i do searching for information,why don't we get paid for spending that time online? Especially when it is possible!

homepages-friends (hpf) allows us to do just that! hfp uses the Yahoo search engine and when we search using it, we are get paid. You may find it hard to believe - i did too, until i tried it myself. On the first day I earned £0.07! not much, but for just 10 searches its not bad at all, can you guess how much i will earn with more searches in a whole month?

I give it a 5 star rating........go try it, just click on the link below.
http://www.myhpf.co.uk/banner.asp?Friend=344029

the quest for financial knowlege

2009-02-07T15:02:00.003Z

One of the biggest concerns we all share is about money. Over the years money has been one of the most studied subjects by mankind - including my good self.

This blog is about sharing my knowledge of money with you, how to make it, save it, invest it and earn more of it without spending all your time in chasing it.

It is my hope that through this blog you will gain the knowledge of money that will enable you to spend more time on the most inportant things in your life such as your family and your spiritual life.

Over the next weeks i will be sharing with the knowledge that will help you make money a slave rather than you being a slave to money.

Snaps Shots of Posts

2008-04-21T13:00:00.000Z

How Do Get what You Get What You want?
So far we have dealt with two of the most important and arduous parts of the financial planning process. You’ve learned how to develop your personal financial profile. And you’ve figured out how to set your personal financial goals and objectives.
Now let’s look at different strategies that you can use to achieve the aims you’ve set for yourself. I will start in this post by showing you how to adopt strategies that match your financial profile and your goals and objectives.
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What Do You Want? - Setting Financial Goals and Objectives
So now you’ve sketched your financial profile - a portrait of how you live today, you know how much you’re worth and you know what cash comes in and what goes out. But what about your goals and objectives?.
Goals are broad forecasts of what you want to achieve. An example ‘I want a comfortable retirement’. Objectives are more specific and tired to a time frame. ‘I want to retire on December 31 2012 with an income of GHc50,000 ($50,000) a year’, for instance.
Click on the heading to read more....
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Earn money using Yahoo search
If you spend a lot of time on the Internet like i do searching for information,why don't we get paid for spending that time online? Especially when it is possible!
Click on the heading to read more....
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31 Inspirational Quotes
Quotes are powerful inspirational tools, a quote could make a big difference to your day. Here are 31 of my favoriate quotes to insipire you each day for a month. Email me If you need more and i will send you 200 of my great quotes to inspire you.
-Wealth is when small efforts produce big results; Poverty is when big efforts produce small results
- the greatest mathematical discovery of all times compound interest- Albert Einstein
Click on the heading to read more....
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The Five Laws of Gold (Money)

Let's look at what Clason has to say about wealth creation in the chapter The Five Laws of Gold:

Law #1: Gold cometh gladly and in increasing quantity to any man who will put by not less than one-tenth of his earnings to create an estate for his future and that of his family.

Here we see the concepts of 'pay yourself first' and 'save one-tenth of what you earn' reinforced. This law explains that you don't need a shortcut to wealth, because steady and consistent savings will earn enough interest over time to create a sizeable estate.
Click on the heading to read more....

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Email me with any queries or comments.

Snap shots of posts2

2008-04-20T07:02:00.000Z

Financial Planning - Part 1
Building a Firm Foundation. Why, you may ask, do you need a financial plan at all? The answer is quite simple. There is only one sure way to achieve financial security: you must identify your goals, then adopt strategies to meet them.
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Constructing Your Financial Profile - Your Stage of Life
When you sit down with a professional financial planner, the first thing he or she does is construct your personal financial profile. You should begin there, too.
A financial profile is a snapshot of your life as you live it day by day. And it is the cornerstone of your personal financial plan.
Your financial profile is more that just your income and net worth- although income and net worth are certainly part of the picture.

Click on the heading to read more....

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Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Life-Style

One significant aspect your life-style is your career choice. When you select a career, you lock in, to some extent, your earnings potential.For instance, if you opt for a career as a librarian or teacher, you’re unlikely ever to earn a six-figure income. By contrast, if you work in investment banking or sales, chance are good that you’ll become a high earner.

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Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Tolerance for Risk

You must ask yourself two questions when it comes to assessing your tolerance for risk: Do you HAVE any money to risk? If you do, what promised rate of return would it take for you to risk it? The first is a question of resources; the second a question of attitude.

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Constructing Your Financial Profile – Your Responsibilities

If you’re like most people, you have responsibilities- children, perhaps, who look to you for support, or elderly parents who require financial help.
But everyone defines responsibilities differently. For example, do you consider it your responsibility to supplement your parents’ retirement income? Do you think you owe it to your children to help them buy their first car?
When it comes time to develop your financial profile you must take your responsibilities – as you defined them – into account. They influence how you spend, save and invest.

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Snap Shots of Posts3

2008-04-19T00:36:00.000Z

Investing 101: Introduction - Part 1

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Investing 101: What Is Investing - Part 2

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Investing 101: Compounding - Part 3

Albert Einstein called compound interest "the greatest mathematical discovery of all time". We think this is true partly because, unlike the trigonometry or calculus you studied back in high school, compounding can be applied to everyday life.
The wonder of compounding (sometimes called "compound interest") transforms your working money into a state-of-the-art, highly powerful income-generating tool. Compounding is the process of generating earnings on an asset's reinvested earnings.

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Investing 101: Knowing Yourself - Part 4

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Investing 101: Contradictions - Part 5

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Investing 101: Portfolio&Diversification - Part 6

It's good to clarify how securities are different from each other, but it's even more important to understand how their different characteristics can work together to accomplish an objective.

The Portfolio

A portfolio is a combination of different investment assets mixed and matched for the purpose of achieving an investor's goal(s).

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Investing 101: Conclusion - Part 7

I 've introduced many topics in this tutorial:
* Investing is about making your money work for you.

* Reinvesting your earnings allows you to take advantage of compounding.

* Each investor is different in his or her objectives and risk tolerance.

* There isn't just one strategy that can be used to invest successfully.

* Each investment vehicle has its own unique characteristics.

* Diversifying investments in a portfolio helps to manage risk.

Together, all these points make up a foundation of knowledge with which any investor should be comfortable. However, these concepts mean nothing unless you can put them into practice.

Click on the heading to read more....

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A question from a reader

I do not know whether to consider it magical or sheer coincidence that you have submitted this educative piece. For me, it has been a long awaited moment that has come to reality i have a question. After investing my initial capital, do i have to continue adding up money every month? what happens if i do not do that. Again, do i have to specify to my bankers that I need the compounding type of account? And finally, which is better, mutual fund or Money market fund?. Thank you so very much in advance and have a fruitful day.

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Related Feature

2008-03-13T17:24:00.001Z

The above article features related content

Email me with any queries or comments.